The Russian Revolution, one of the most significant political events of the 20th century, fundamentally transformed Russia from an imperial state into the world's first socialist country. The revolution consisted of two key phases: the February Revolution and the October Revolution of 1917, both of which were driven by deep-seated social, political, and economic discontent within the Russian Empire.

The February Revolution resulted in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, ending over three centuries of Romanov rule and leading to the establishment of a Provisional Government. This government, however, struggled to maintain order and failed to address the urgent issues of land reform, food shortages, and the ongoing involvement of Russia in World War I. The persistent unrest and dissatisfaction among the masses created fertile ground for more radical change.

The October Revolution, led by the Bolshevik Party under Vladimir Lenin, saw the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the establishment of a socialist state. The Bolsheviks, advocating for peace, land, and bread, gained widespread support among workers, soldiers, and peasants who were disillusioned with the Provisional Government's inability to deliver on these promises. The October Revolution marked the beginning of a new era in Russian and world history, leading to the creation of the Soviet Union and inspiring revolutionary movements across the globe.

The Russian Revolution not only reshaped Russia's political landscape but also had profound implications for international relations, contributing to the rise of communism as a global force and setting the stage for the ideological conflicts of the 20th century, including the Cold War. Its legacy continues to influence global politics, economics, and social movements to this day.

Political Structure

The Romanov Dynasty

The Russian Empire was ruled by the Romanov dynasty for over 300 years, from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in 1917. The Romanovs maintained a rigid autocratic system, where the Tsar held absolute power and was considered to be appointed by divine right. The Tsar was the supreme ruler of the vast Russian Empire, controlling the military, government, and the Russian Orthodox Church.