Category

Description

1. Overview

–India is the third-largest domestic aviation market worldwide (after the US and China), carrying ~341 million passengers in 2019 (domestic + international).

–Contributes ~2.4–2.5% to India’s GDP (pre-pandemic), including direct, indirect, and induced impacts.

–Expected to become the largest domestic aviation market by mid-2030s if current growth trends continue.

–India’s overall aircraft fleet size reached ~700 by 2022; projected to surpass 2,000 by 2038 (various airline orders).

2. Key Sub-Sectors

1. Passenger Airlines

–Dominated by IndiGo (~55% domestic market share, 2023), Air India (including Vistara, AirAsia India after group consolidation), SpiceJet, Go First (under insolvency resolution as of mid-2023).

–Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs) handle ~80% of domestic traffic.

2. Cargo & Logistics

–Air cargo volumes ~3.1 million tonnes (FY2022), with e-commerce fuelling growth.

3. Airports & Infrastructure

–148 operational airports managed by AAI + private operators (GMR, Adani, GVK).

–Upcoming greenfield airports (e.g., Jewar/Noida International Airport, Navi Mumbai).

4. General Aviation & Helicopters

–Fleet of ~360+ non-scheduled operators (charter, business jets) and helicopters for VIP travel, offshore operations, tourism.

3. Major Government Bodies

1. Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA)

–Formulates policies, strategic planning for civil aviation; manages UDAN scheme, airport privatization.

2. Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)

–Regulatory authority overseeing safety standards, flight operations, licensing of pilots/airlines.

3. Airports Authority of India (AAI)

–Operates ~130+ airports; air navigation services provider; invests in modernization and expansion.

4. Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)

–Sets and enforces security standards at airports and for airlines.

4. Key Private Players

1.IndiGo (InterGlobe Aviation): Largest domestic airline; fleet ~300+ aircraft, strong focus on LCC model.

2.Air India Group (Tata Sons): Air India, Vistara, AirAsia India; consolidated operations after 2022 privatization of Air India.

3.SpiceJet: LCC with ~14–15% market share (2023), operating Boeing 737 and Q400 fleets.

4.Adani Group: Manages 7 airports (Ahmedabad, Lucknow, Mangaluru, etc.) after privatization bids.

5.GMR Group: Operates Delhi, Hyderabad airports; invests in greenfield airport projects (Goa, Crete–Greece).

5. Major Achievements

1.Passenger Traffic Recovery: Post-COVID domestic traffic near pre-pandemic levels by early 2023; monthly domestic pax crossing 12 million.

2.UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik): ~460+ routes awarded; over 2 million passengers have flown under subsidized regional routes.

3.Airport Modernization: Delhi IGI airport’s T3 (Asia’s largest at commissioning), upcoming expansions in Bengaluru, Mumbai, Hyderabad.

4.Airbus & Boeing Orders: Record orders placed by Air India (470 aircraft) and IndiGo (500 aircraft) in 2023, signalling robust future growth.

6. Government Initiatives & Policies

1.National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP) 2016: Liberalized rules for airline licensing, regional connectivity; introduced 0/20 rule shift.

2.UDAN – Regional Connectivity Scheme: Provides viability gap funding to connect underserved/unserved airports; aims to achieve affordability and inclusive growth.

3.Airport Privatization & PPP: Awarding major airports via competitive bidding (Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, etc.).

4.Aircraft Leasing & Financing Reforms: GIFT City (IFSC) as a hub for aircraft leasing to reduce reliance on foreign lessors.

5.100% FDI: Allowed in scheduled airlines (49% via automatic route, beyond 49% with government approval for foreign carriers); 100% in non-scheduled and MRO.

7. Opportunities

1.Expanding Middle-Class Base: Rising disposable incomes and urbanization to fuel passenger growth at 8–10% CAGR.

2.Regional Connectivity & Tier-II/III Airports: Infrastructure expansions in smaller cities for direct flights, cargo, and tourist inflows.

3.Aircraft MRO (Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul): Growing fleet; local MRO potential to save on costs (90% of MRO currently done overseas).

4.Cargo & Logistics: E-commerce surge; dedicated freighters (SpiceXpress, IndiGo Freighters) and integrators (Blue Dart) targeting faster supply chains.

5.Greenfield Airports: Jewar (Noida), Navi Mumbai, Bhogapuram (Vizag) under development, offering fresh PPP investments.

8. Challenges

1.High Operating Costs: Elevated aviation turbine fuel (ATF) taxes (up to 25–30% state VAT) impact airline profitability.

2.Regulatory & Policy Hurdles: Frequent changes in aviation rules, slow approval processes for new routes, and cap on certain fares.

3.Infrastructure Constraints: Congested metro airports (Delhi, Mumbai) face slot limitations; delays in land acquisition for expansions.

4.Low Yield & High Competition: Price wars among LCCs keep fares low, limiting profit margins.

5.Skilled Workforce Shortage: Need for pilots (~1,000+ new pilots/year), engineers, air traffic controllers to match sector growth.

9. Future Outlook

1.Steady Growth: Domestic traffic projected to exceed 500 million annual passengers by 2035; international hub ambitions for Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru.

2.Fleet Expansion: Indian carriers’ combined outstanding orders ~1,200+ aircraft (Airbus/Boeing), significantly expanding seat capacity by late 2020s.

3.Technology Integration: Increasing digitization (biometric boarding, e-gates), AI-based scheduling, drone-based deliveries in cargo segments.

4.Sustainability & Green Airports: Focus on net-zero airports by 2030–35 (Delhi, Bengaluru adopting solar power, e-vehicles).

5.Consolidation & Partnerships: Tata Group synergy in Air India-Vistara-AirAsia, codeshare alliances with global carriers to enhance network reach.

Category

Description

1. Overview

–Agriculture is a key economic pillar of India, contributing around 14–15% to the nation’s GDP (2022 estimates).

–Employs about 42–45% of India’s total workforce, making it the largest employment sector.

–India has ~160 million hectares of net sown area, one of the highest in the world.

–The country is among the top global producers of staples like rice, wheat, as well as pulses, cotton, and spices.

–Growth is often monsoon-dependent, although irrigation coverage has improved over the years.

2. Key Sub-Sectors

1. Crop Production

–Major crops: Rice, Wheat, Maize, Pulses, Oilseeds.

–India is the 2nd largest producer of rice and wheat globally.

2. Dairy & Livestock

–India is the largest milk producer in the world, with production reaching approximately 221 million tonnes in 2021–22.

3. Fisheries & Aquaculture

–India is the 3rd largest fish-producing country in the world, with production of approximately 14 million tonnes in 2021.

–Fisheries contribute about 1.24% to India’s GDP.

4. Horticulture

–India is the 2nd largest producer of fruits and vegetables (~329 million tonnes in 2021–22).

–Major produce includes bananas, mangoes, onions, potatoes, tomatoes.

5. Others

–Sericulture (silk), Apiculture (honey), Floriculture (flowers) are smaller but growing segments.

3. Major Government Bodies

1. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare

–Oversees policy-making, development programs, and budget allocations for agriculture.

–Works on improving farmer welfare, agricultural research, and marketing reforms.

2. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

–Apex body for coordinating, guiding, and managing R&D in agriculture and allied fields.

–Runs a network of 100+ institutes and agricultural universities.

3. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

–Provides credit and financial support to rural and agricultural projects.

–Focuses on microfinance, infrastructure development, and capacity building.

4. Key Private Players

1.ITC Limited: Operates e-Choupal for direct farm sourcing; also in packaged foods (Aashirvaad, Bingo, etc.).

2.Mahindra & Mahindra: Major tractor and farm equipment manufacturer; has ventured into agri-solutions.

3.Adani Agri Logistics & Wilmar: Focus on edible oil (Fortune brand), agri-infrastructure, and logistics.

4.Reliance Retail: Engaged in agri-sourcing for its retail stores (Reliance Fresh, JioMart).

5.Cargill India: Processes and trades a range of agricultural commodities.

5. Major Achievements

1.Green Revolution (1960s–70s): Led to a surge in wheat and rice production, achieving food self-sufficiency.

2.White Revolution (Operation Flood): Made India the world’s largest milk producer, spearheaded by NDDB.

3.Blue Revolution: Increased fish production, especially in inland aquaculture.

4.Self-Sufficiency in Staples: India moved from being a food importer to a net exporter of rice and wheat.

5.Largest Producer of Pulses: Accounts for over 25% of global pulse production.

6. Government Initiatives & Policies

1.Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): Provides ₹6,000 per year to small and marginal farmers.

2.Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): Crop insurance scheme covering 30+ million farmers annually.

3.e-NAM (National Agriculture Market): An online trading portal connecting 1,000+ regulated markets across states.

4.Kisan Credit Card (KCC): Ensures timely credit to farmers at subsidized interest rates.

5.Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF): Aims to invest ₹1 lakh crore in post-harvest management and community farming assets.

7. Opportunities

1.Agri-Tech Boom: Growth in startups focusing on farm analytics, precision agriculture, and supply chain management. Estimated $24–30 billion digital agriculture opportunity by 2025.

2.Export Potential: Demand for Indian Basmati rice, spices, tea, coffee, and organic produce is rising globally.

3.Mechanization & Automation: India’s farm mechanization rate (60–70%), indicating potential for growth.

4.Food Processing: Accounts for ~10% of India’s manufacturing GDP; government incentives to boost value addition and reduce wastage.

5.Sustainable & Organic Farming: Increasing demand for chemical-free produce domestically and abroad.

8. Challenges

1.Fragmented Land Holdings: Average farm size is around 1.08 hectares, hindering economies of scale.

2.Dependence on Monsoons: ~52–55% of net sown area is rainfed; erratic rainfall affects output.

3.Post-Harvest Losses: Estimated at ~10–15% in perishables due to inadequate cold chains and storage.

4.Price Volatility & Market Access: Fluctuating global prices, insufficient market linkages, and limited bargaining power for smallholders.

5.Climate Change & Resource Constraints: Frequent droughts, floods, declining groundwater tables in regions like Punjab, Haryana.

9. Future Outlook

1.Doubling Farmers’ Income: Ongoing policy focus on higher productivity, better price realization, and agri-allied diversification.

2.Digital & Precision Agriculture: Use of IoT sensors, drones, and data analytics to optimize inputs and reduce costs.

3.Crop Diversification: Shift towards horticulture, pulses, and oilseeds to reduce import dependency and improve nutrition.

4.Sustainable Practices: Adoption of organic farming, natural farming, and integrated pest management to maintain soil health.

5.Global Leadership: With robust R&D (ICAR), India could further cement its place as a leading agri-exporter, especially in niche categories (organic spices, medicinal plants, etc.).

Category

Description

1. Overview

–Valued at ~US$120 billion in 2022–23, contributing 7.1% to India’s overall GDP and ~49% to manufacturing GDP.

–Employed an estimated 35 million people directly or indirectly (FY2022).

–Total production (all vehicle categories) stood at ~22.9 million units in FY2022.

–World’s largest two-wheeler market and 4th largest car producer.

–Projected to become the 3rd largest automotive market by volume by 2030.

2. Key Sub-Sectors

1. Passenger Vehicles (PV)

–~3.07 million PVs sold in FY2022.

–Segment dominated by Maruti Suzuki (~43% share), Hyundai, Tata Motors.

2. Two-Wheelers

–Over 13.5 million sold in FY2022, largest global market.

–Leading players: Hero MotoCorp, Honda, TVS, Bajaj.

3. Commercial Vehicles (CV)

–~800,000 CVs produced in FY2022 (light, medium, heavy).

–Major OEMs: Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland, Mahindra.

4. Three-Wheelers

–~380,000 units sold in FY2022; essential for last-mile transport.

5. Electric Vehicles (EVs)

–Over 1 million EVs sold in 2022 (mostly two- and three-wheelers).

–Driven by FAME-II incentives and rising fuel costs.

3. Major Government Bodies

1. Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI)

–Oversees auto sector policies, including Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes.

2. Department of Heavy Industry (DHI)

–Regulates automobile/auto component sectors under MHI.

3. Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH)

–Responsible for vehicle regulations (Bharat Stage emission norms) and road safety.

4. Industry Associations

–SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers): Represents major vehicle and engine manufacturers.

–ACMA (Automotive Component Manufacturers Association): Represents auto component makers.

4. Key Private Players

1.Maruti Suzuki: Largest carmaker (~43% share in passenger vehicles), strong in entry-level and compact segments.

2.Hyundai Motor India: Second-largest PV maker, known for i10, i20, Creta; exports to 88+ countries.

3.Tata Motors: Prominent in both PV and CV segments; leading domestic EV offerings (Nexon EV).

4.Mahindra & Mahindra: Major SUV, tractor producer; invests in electric SUV platforms.

5.Hero MotoCorp: World’s top two-wheeler manufacturer by volume, selling ~5.4 million units in FY2022.

6.Bajaj Auto: Major in motorcycles and three-wheelers; strong export presence in Africa, Latin America.

5. Major Achievements

1.BS-VI Transition: Implemented nationwide in April 2020, aligning Indian emission norms with Euro 6.

2.Strong Export Growth: Over 5 million vehicles (all segments) exported in 2022, mainly two-wheelers and small cars.

3.EV Acceleration: Electric two-wheeler sales grew by 3–4x between 2021 and 2022.

4.R&D Capability: Local engineering centres (e.g., Tata, Mahindra) develop vehicles for global markets.

6. Government Initiatives & Policies

1.FAME II: Allocated ₹10,000 crore (2019–2024) to boost EV adoption via subsidies on EV purchases and charging infrastructure.

2.PLI Scheme: ~₹25,938 crore earmarked for advanced auto technology and component manufacturing.

3.Vehicle Scrappage Policy: Incentivizes phasing out older vehicles to reduce emissions and boost new vehicle sales.

4.Bharat NCAP: India’s car crash safety rating system to improve occupant safety.

5.NATRiP: Sets up testing and homologation centres across India for global compliance.

7. Opportunities

1.EV & Battery Manufacturing: Rapidly growing demand for lithium-ion batteries and local cell production.

2.Exports to Emerging Markets: Indian small cars and two-wheelers remain competitive in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia.

3.Digital & Connected Tech: Telematics, IoT-based fleet management, and in-car infotainment rapidly expanding.

4.Tier-II & Tier-III Growth: Rising income in smaller cities fuels demand for motorcycles and entry-level cars.

5.Auto Components: Strong growth potential as India aims to localize high-value parts (electronic, drivetrain).

8. Challenges

1.Infrastructure for EVs: Insufficient charging points—India currently has fewer than 5,000 public charging stations.

2.Semiconductor Shortages: Global chip constraints impacting production timelines and inventory levels.

3.Cost Pressures: Rising commodity prices (steel, aluminium) increase vehicle costs; high GST rates on autos further inflate retail prices.

4.Emission & Safety Upgrades: Frequent changes to norms (e.g., CAFE, BS6 Phase II) add R&D and compliance burdens.

9. Future Outlook

1.Market Growth: India is set to produce over 30 million vehicles per year by 2030, driven by domestic and export demand.

2.EV Share: Electric two-wheelers may account for 15–20% of total two-wheeler sales by 2025; passenger EV segment also rising with more models and improved range.

3.Alternative Fuels: Growing interest in hydrogen fuel cell and flex-fuel technology, especially for commercial fleets.

4.Connected & Autonomous Tech: Early adoption of ADAS, telematics, and over-the-air updates in premium segments.

5.Global R&D Hub: More multinational OEMs setting up design and engineering centres, leveraging India’s talent base.