It is a significant social issue that has long-standing impacts on the development and progress of a nation. In India, the issue of illiteracy is multifaceted, influenced by historical, socio-economic, and cultural factors. This explanation delves into the definition and scope of illiteracy, its historical context, and the evolution of literacy in India.

Definition and Scope

It is defined as the inability to read and write at a level necessary for effective communication and understanding of basic written material. It is not merely the absence of reading and writing skills but also includes a lack of essential numerical and functional literacy skills required for day-to-day activities. In the Indian context, illiteracy is measured by the percentage of the population above the age of seven who cannot read and write with understanding.

The scope of illiteracy in India encompasses various dimensions, including:

1.Gender Disparities: Women in India have historically had lower literacy rates compared to men, contributing to gender inequality. As of the 2011 Census, the literacy rate for males was 82.14%, while for females it was only 65.46%.

2.Regional Variations: Literacy rates vary significantly across different states and regions, with rural areas generally lagging behind urban centres. States like Kerala boast literacy rates above 90%, while states like Bihar and Jharkhand struggle with rates below the national average.

3.Socio-Economic Factors: Poverty, caste, and socio-economic status play crucial roles in determining access to education and literacy levels. Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) communities often have lower literacy rates due to historical marginalization and socio-economic barriers.

4.Age Groups: Elderly populations often have higher rates of illiteracy due to limited access to education in their youth. According to the 2011 Census, the literacy rate for those aged 60 and above was significantly lower than for younger age groups.