Definition and Overview of Climate

Climate Defined: Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, and atmospheric conditions in a specific region, usually averaged over 30 years or more. In the Indian context, the climate is predominantly tropical monsoon, shaped by its geographical location and diverse topography.

Key Aspects of Climate

i.Macroclimate: The overall climatic trends across India influence regional ecosystems and human activities.

ii.Microclimate: Localized variations are evident in areas like the Western Ghats, where heavy rainfall supports lush vegetation, or urban centers, where heat islands create higher local temperatures.

For instance, Mawsynram in Meghalaya, with over 11,800 mm of rainfall annually, contrasts sharply with Jaisalmer in Rajasthan, which receives less than 150 mm.

India’s Climate in Context: The Himalayas shield much of India from harsh Central Asian winters, while the Indian Ocean facilitates moisture-laden monsoonal winds. The interplay of these factors creates climatic extremes ranging from the alpine conditions in Ladakh to the tropical heat of Tamil Nadu.

Understanding Climate Variability