In earlier studies, we have looked at the various components of the environment, both abiotic and biotic. These components affect each other and their surroundings in numerous ways. Now, let's explore these components in a more integrated manner and understand how energy flows within an ecosystem.

Physical Structure and Species Composition

The interaction of biotic and abiotic components results in a physical structure that is characteristic of each type of ecosystem.

Species Composition

Identification and enumeration of plant and animal species within an ecosystem determine its species composition.

Stratification

Vertical distribution of different species at various levels within an ecosystem is known as stratification. For example:

Trees occupy the top vertical strata or layer of a forest.