Animals accumulate various waste products, including ammonia, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, water, and ions such as Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , Cl ^– , phosphate, and sulphate. These substances arise from metabolic activities or excess ingestion and must be removed from the body either partially or completely. This chapter explores the mechanisms involved in the elimination of these substances, with a particular focus on common nitrogenous wastes.

Nitrogenous Wastes

Types of Nitrogenous Wastes

Ammonia

Toxicity: Ammonia is the most toxic form of nitrogenous waste.

Water Requirement: Requires a large amount of water for its elimination.

Excretion Process: Known as Ammonotelism.

Organisms: Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, and aquatic insects are ammonotelic.