The surface of the Earth is uneven due to a combination of internal and external forces that act upon it, referred to as ‘endogenic’ and ‘exogenic’ forces, respectively. Understanding these processes is crucial for sustainable human existence. If we know how the Earth’s surface is shaped and reshaped, we can take measures to minimise our negative impact. This is essential for both the preservation of the Earth’s natural features and the sustainable use of its resources.

Geomorphology is the study of the Earth’s surface features and the processes that shape them. These processes can be grouped into two categories: endogenic processes, which originate from within the Earth, and exogenic processes, which come from external forces. Understanding the distinction between ‘geomorphic agents’ and ‘geomorphic processes’ is crucial for grasping how our planet’s surface is shaped over time.

Endogenic Geomorphic Processes

1.Diastrophism: Refers to slow movements of the Earth’s crust, like bending, warping, and faulting. Diastrophism is responsible for the formation of mountain ranges, plateaus, and other elevated features.

2.Volcanism: The eruption of magma from beneath the Earth’s crust. This process can create volcanic islands, calderas, and other features.

Exogenic Geomorphic Processes

1.Weathering: The breakdown of rocks into smaller particles due to chemical, physical, or biological means.