China and Japan, two of East Asia’s most influential nations, are strikingly distinct in their geographical, ethnic, and culinary identities.

China, a vast continental expanse, is characterised by its diverse terrains and climates, shaped by iconic river systems like the Yellow River and the Yangtse. This physical diversity is mirrored in its people, as the majority Han population is complemented by numerous ethnic minorities, each with its own language and customs. The richness of the land has also birthed a culinary tradition that is multifaceted. From the world-famous Cantonese dim sum to the spicy Szechuan dishes influenced by ancient trading routes, Chinese cuisine is a testament to the nation’s regional variety.

On the other hand, Japan’s identity is shaped by its island nature. Its archipelago is dominated by four main islands, but it’s the mountains, covering over half of Japan’s land area, that have significantly influenced its culture. This challenging terrain, combined with Japan’s position in a major earthquake belt, has affected everything from its architecture to its agricultural practices. While China boasts numerous ethnic groups, Japan is largely homogeneous, with the exception of minority groups like the Ainu. In the culinary world, Japan’s lack of expansive pastures led to a focus on rice cultivation and fishing. This reliance on the sea has resulted in iconic dishes like sushi and sashimi, which have now achieved global popularity for their taste and health benefits.

Introduction

Japan during the Tokugawa period (from 1603 to 1867) witnessed a blend of central control and regional autonomy.

1.The Political Landscape