The 18th century in India was marked by significant socio-economic challenges that hindered the progress of its people, shaped by political instability, administrative exploitation, and agrarian distress. Despite the richness of culture and diversity, the vast majority of the population faced hardships that were exacerbated by the policies and practices of various ruling powers

Economic Stagnation and Administrative Exploitation

1.Increasing Revenue Demands: The state's ever-increasing demands for revenue placed a heavy burden on the population, particularly the peasantry, who were the primary producers of wealth.

2.Oppression by Officials: Corruption and exploitation by officials, nobles, revenue-farmers, and zamindars significantly impacted the well-being of the common people, leading to widespread misery and hardship.

Impact of Military Conflicts

1.Rival Armies: The constant marches, counter-marches, and conflicts between rival armies not only destabilized regions but also devastated the agricultural and economic infrastructure, compounding the hardships faced by the populace.

2.Adventurers and Bandits: The presence of numerous adventurers and bandits roaming the countryside contributed to the lawlessness and insecurity that plagued rural and urban communities alike.