British Interest in Sindh

1.Mughal Farman: In 1630, the Mughal emperor issued a farman (decree) granting the English trade facilities in Sindh, similar to those they enjoyed in other parts of the Indian subcontinent.

2.Early English Presence: The British established a trading factory in Thatta in 1758, under a parwana (permission) from Kallora prince Ghulam Shah. This was a strategic move to strengthen their trade presence in the region.

3.Exclusivity in Trade: In 1761, following the arrival of an English resident at his court, Ghulam Shah ratified an earlier treaty and granted the English exclusive trading rights in Sindh, barring other European powers.

4.Closure of English Factory: The relationship between the British and Sindh soured under Sarfraz Khan, leading to the closure of the English factory in 1775.

Rise of Talpuras Amirs

1.Descent of the Talpuras: In the 1770s, the Talpuras, a Baluch tribe, moved into the plains of Sindh from the hills, bringing with them their martial prowess and adaptability to harsh conditions.

2.Usurpation of Power: By 1783, under the leadership of Mir Fath (Fatah) Ali Khan, the Talpuras had established control over Sindh, overthrowing the Kallora rulers and exiling the last prince.