The evolution of labour legislation in India during the 19th century, particularly in the context of modern factories and plantations, is a critical aspect of the country's industrial history. This period was marked by significant challenges for workers, including long working hours, low wages, and poor working conditions, which eventually led to the enactment of the first labour laws

Conditions of Workers in the 19th Century

1.Long Working Hours and Lack of Rest: Workers in modern factories and plantations had to endure extremely long working hours, typically between 12 and 16 hours per day, without any weekly day of rest. This gruelling schedule was uniform for men, women, and children, highlighting a stark disregard for the physical and mental well-being of the labour force.

2.Low Wages: The compensation for this labour was dismally low, with wages ranging from Rs 4 to Rs 20 per month. Given the long hours and hard labour, these wages were barely enough to sustain a living, leading to widespread poverty among factory workers and their families.

3.Poor Working Conditions: The working environment in these factories was appalling. Overcrowding, inadequate lighting and ventilation, and unhygienic conditions were common. Such an environment not only made the daily work life of the workers miserable but also posed serious health risks.

4.Work Hazards and Accidents: The operation of machinery without proper safety measures led to hazardous working conditions. Accidents were frequent, often resulting in severe injuries or even death, with little to no compensation or support for the affected workers or their families.

Government Response and Early Legislation

1.Government Stance: Initially, the government's efforts to address these issues were minimal and largely ineffective. The government of India at the time was pro-capitalist and thus hesitant to enact laws that could disrupt the industrial and economic activities, many of which were owned by Indian entrepreneurs.