BENGAL

Organization

Description

Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha

The Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha was established in 1836 by the associates of Raja Rammohan Roy.

The primary objectives of this organization were to advocate for administrative reforms, promote the participation of Indians in the administration, and spread education.

Additionally, the Sabha played a significant role in awakening a sense of collective will and fostering a path toward modern nationalism among the general population.

Landholders’ Society

Year: 1837

Founder: Dwarkanath Tagore

Place: Kolkata 

Other members: Radhakant Deb, Prasanna Kumar Tagore, Rajkamal Sen and Bhabani Charan Mitra 

Objectives: It was an association of landholders of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, and its principal objective was to guard its class interests. 

Membership: Also extended to non-official Britishers engaged in trade and commerce in Bengal.

It was the first to adopt the path of constitutional demonstration for the fulfilment of its objectives.

Spread: It failed to take root in areas outside the Bengal Presidency, where the Permanent Settlement was not in vogue.

It became inactive around 1842, although it maintained a precarious existence till 1850. The Bengal British India Society took its place. 

Bengal British India Society

Founded in 1843 

Place: Calcutta

Aims/objectives: To promote good citizenship qualities in the Indian people, raise public awareness about the state of governance, and work toward their realisation through peaceful and legal means consistent with loyalty to the person and government of the reigning sovereign in England.

British Indian Association

Founded in October 1851

Place: Calcutta 

Its President and Secretary are Raja Radhakant Deb and Debendranath Tagore, respectively.

Other members of the Association: Ramgopal Ghosh, Peary Chand Mitra and Krishnadas Pal. 

Its membership was kept exclusive to Indians.

Objective: To secure improvements in the local administration of the country and in the system of government laid down by Parliament. 

Bengal Association

Founded in 1852

Place: Calcutta

Aims/objectives: It petitioned the British Parliament to form an Indian legislative council entirely composed of Indians only. 

It also condemned the policy of excluding Indians from all higher-level positions, as well as the lavish spending on European postings.

National Indian Association (NIA) 

Founded in 1870

Founder: Mary Carpenter in Bristol, with the assistance of Keshub Chunder Sen. 

The organization's full name was originally ‘National Indian Association in Aid of Social Progress in India’.

The initial goal of this organizationwas to promote female education in India. 

They also attempted to educate and inform the British on Indian issues.

As the number of Indians in Britain grew, it became more important to facilitate social interaction between Indian visitors and British residents.

Indian League

Founded in 1875

Founded by Sisir Kumar Ghose.

Aims: The League aspired to represent not only the middle class but the masses as well and to stimulate a sense of nationalism among the people.

Indian National Association

Founded in 1876

Founder: Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose.

Background: In 1875, Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Sambhu Charan Mukherjee founded 'The India League to represent the middle class and foster a sense of nationalism among the people.

The Indian National Association was founded as the Bharat Sabha, and its first annual conference was held in Calcutta. In 1886, this organization merged with the Indian National Congress.

Its main objectives were: 

Establish a powerful public opinion on political issues; 

Bring Indians together behind a common political agenda.

It opposed the removal of the age limit for Indian Civil Service candidates in 1877.

The organization advocated for concurrent civil service examinations in both England and India, as well as the Indianization of higher administrative positions.

The Indian National Association spearheaded an effort to repeal the repressive Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act.

MAHARASHTRA

Organization

Description

London Indian Society

Founded in 1865

Place: London

Founded under the guidance of Dadabhai Naoroji.

Of the founding group of students included W. C. Bannerjea, Manmohan Ghose, Pherozeshah Mehta and Badruddin Tyabji.by Dadabhai

It was founded by Indian students as a forum for airing political grievances. 

Honorary membership was allowed for Europeans, but they could not vote or hold office.

The London Indian Society was taken over by the East India Association in 1866, though it continued to exist in some form for a few more years.

East India Association 

Year: 1866

Founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in collaboration with Indians and retired British officials.

Place: London

First President: Lord Lyveden

It superseded the London Indian Society.

It was a platform for discussing matters and ideas about India and to provide representation for Indians to the Government.

From its inception, the East India Association published a journal (Journal of the East India Association). 

Udham Singh assassinated the former Governor of Punjab at the time of the Amritsar Massacre in March 1940, following a lecture delivered by Michael O'Dwyer at Caxton Hall. 

Merger: In 1949, the East India Association merged with the National Indian Association to form the Britain, India, and Pakistan Association.

Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

Founded in April 1870. 

Place: Pune, Maharashtra

Founders: It resulted from the labour of many great men like G.V. Joshi, S.H. Sathe, S.H. Chiplonkar and Mahadev Govind Ranade (Joined in 1871). 

Aims/objectives: The Sabha was created to act as an intermediary between the government and the Indians. 

In 1872, the Sabha established a sub-committee to investigate the state's peasant and agricultural conditions and protect them from exploitation. 

In 1876, the Sabha organised famine relief in the Deccan region. 

It set up arbitration courts (Nyaya sabhas) for the private settlement of civil disputes in order to save people from the high costs of litigation. 

In 1875, the Sabha petitioned the House of Commons for Indian representation in the British Parliament. 

Bombay Presidency Association

Founded in 1885

Founded by Pherozshah Mehta, K.T Telang, and Badruddin Tyabji.

It was founded in response to Lytton's reactionary policies and the Ilbert Bill controversy.

The association has always had cordial relations with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.

In September 1885, the Bombay Presidency Association, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Madras Mahajana Sabha, and Indian Association of Calcutta sent a joint deputation to England to present India's case to the British electorate. 

The delegation was led by N. Chandavarkar of Bombay, Ramaswami Mudaliar of Madras, and Manmohan Ghosh of Calcutta. 

The Triumvirate' or 'The Three Stars' of Bombay's public life were Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta, and Kashinath Telang. 

MADRAS

Organization

Description

Madras Native Organization (MNA)

Established in 1852

Place: Chennai

Founded by Gajula Lakshminarasu Chetty.

It was the first Indian political association to be formed in the Madras presidency. 

It was the political centre of the presidency's landed gentry, who had grievances against Company rule. 

Factors that led to the establishment of the organization: The impending discussion in the British Parliament regarding Company rule in India provided the impetus for MNA's formation. 

Dissatisfied with the Company administration, the MNA petitioned the British Parliament to end the Company regime following the passage of the Charter Act of 1853.

The association presented the ryots' grievances under the land settlement systems in its first petition to Parliament in 1852, urging immediate action.

This was followed by a visit from H.D. Seymour, Chairman of the Indian Reform Society, leading to the formation of the Torture Commission in 1854.

Dissolution of the organization: The MNA was dissolved in 1867. Despite the efforts to revive it in the 1870s, it ceased to exist by 1881. 

Madras Mahajan Sabha

Founded in May 1884.

Place: Madras 

Founded by M Veeraraghavachariar, G Subramania Iyer, and P Ananda Charlu. 

First president: P Rangaiah Naidu

Aim: As stated at the Adayar Theosophical Society conference, the goal is to free the country from British rule and to resolve national issues. 

The Sabha has advocated for a variety of measures while remaining moderate, including

Tax reduction, 

Cuts in government and military spending, 

Abolition of the council of India in London,

Concurrent civil service exams in England and India,

Fundamental rights for its fellow citizens, such as national freedom.

The Madras Mahajana Sabha launched the Salt Satyagraha in George Town in April 1930.