SOCIETY AND RELIGION (800AD –1200AD)
1.Agricultural Dominance: The economy of north India from 800 to 1200 was predominantly agricultural. Techniques and tools remained largely traditional, although there were some regional variations in cultivation practices. The continuity in agriculture is evident from the persistent use of the iron plough and the bullock-drawn cart.
2.Trade and Urbanization: This period saw significant developments in trade, both internal and with distant regions such as Central Asia and the Arab world. The growth of trade led to the emergence and expansion of urban centres. Cities like Kanauj, Delhi, and Varanasi flourished not only as political capitals but also as commercial hubs.
3.Guilds and Commerce: The rise of shrenis (guilds) marked an important economic development. These guilds managed the production and sale of goods, exerting considerable economic influence. They also played a role in local governance and social welfare.
1.Caste System: The social framework was structured around the caste system, which was both rigid and permeable. While the basic structure of four varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras) continued, there was significant mobility within sub-castes, often influenced by trade and economic opportunities.
2.Role of Women: The position of women showed both continuity and change. Women continued to have significant roles in the household and some, particularly in merchant and royal families, wielded considerable influence. However, the overall trend was towards more restrictive practices, including the prevalence of child marriage and dowry.