MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION
The concept of kingship in early medieval India, particularly under the Mughal Empire, represents a significant evolution from previous models seen in the region. This transformation is most prominently reflected in the ideological shifts and practices introduced by Babur and later significantly developed by Akbar.
1.Constitutional Supremacy: Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, marked a departure from the traditional acknowledgment of the Caliph as the sovereign. By adopting the title of Padshah (emperor), he asserted his full sovereignty.
2.Self-Representation as God’s Deputy: Unlike his predecessors, who recognized the Caliph's nominal authority, Babur and his successors saw themselves as fully sovereign and divine representatives on Earth, known as the Amir-ul-Mominin (Leader of the Faithful).
Akbar, upon becoming the Emperor of Hindustan, introduced a significant shift in the concept of kingship by declaring it a divine gift. As noted by his court historian, Abul Fazal, Akbar believed that kingship was bestowed by God only upon those who possessed thousands of commendable qualities. He considered himself the 'Shadow of God on Earth,' implying that his authority was both divine and absolute. This notion positioned the Emperor as the central figure in the administration, encompassing all civil, military, and judicial powers.