The arrival of Vasco da Gama in Calicut in 1498 marks a pivotal moment in global trade and colonial history. This event, guided by the navigation skills of Gujarati pilots from the African coast to India, signified the onset of European control over the sea routes that had been dominated by Asian traders for centuries

Economic Factors Driving Portuguese Exploration

1.Agricultural Innovations: The European economy was experiencing significant growth due to several agricultural advancements. These included the drainage of marshes, deforestation for arable land, the introduction of an improved plough, and scientific crop rotation. Such developments increased agricultural productivity, which supported a growing population and urbanization.

2.Growth of Urban Centres: As a result of agricultural surplus, there was a notable rise in urbanization. Towns and cities flourished, becoming hubs of trade and commerce.

3.Demand for Oriental Goods: Since Roman times, there was a consistent demand in Europe for luxury goods from the East, including Chinese silk and Southeast Asian spices and drugs. This demand surged during the European economic revival, driven by the need for spices to preserve and flavour meat, especially during winter months when fresh meat was scarce.

Impact Of Portuguese Arrival In India

1.Shift in Trade Control: The successful navigation from Africa to India by Vasco da Gama marked the beginning of European dominance over the lucrative spice trade routes. Previously controlled by Indian and Arab traders, the spice route’s control shifted dramatically as European powers built their naval and military capabilities.