The Constitution of India, adopted on November 26, 1949, and effective from January 26, 1950, guarantees several fundamental rights to its citizens, enshrined in Part III of the Constitution. These rights are considered the cornerstone of Indian democracy and are essential for the protection and preservation of human dignity, liberty, and equality. They are basic human rights crucial for the development of individuals and society and are enforceable by the courts. The Supreme Court and High Courts are empowered to issue writs for their enforcement.

The Indian Constitution categorizes fundamental rights into six groups:

A.Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)

Article 14: Equality before law and equal protection of laws.

Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

Article 17: Abolition of untouchability and prohibition of its practice.

Article 18: Abolition of titles except military and academic distinctions.