Introduction

Darśana, commonly referred to as Philosophy in English, delves into profound questions about the nature of knowledge, existence, and reality. Central to this inquiry are the concepts of Prameya (objects of knowledge) and Pramāṇa (means of knowledge).

Key Concepts in Darśana

1.Prameya (Objects of Knowledge): Prameya involves the subjects or entities that philosophy seeks to understand. In Indian philosophy, these often include metaphysical concepts such as the soul (ātmān), the universe (Sṛṣṭi), god (Īsvara), liberation (Mokṣa), rebirth (Punarjanma), mind (manas), and intellect (buddhi).

2.Pramāṇa (Means of Knowledge): Pramāṇa refers to the sources or means through which knowledge is acquired. Accurate pramāṇas are crucial for obtaining valid knowledge. Indian philosophy classifies pramāṇas into two broad categories: direct and indirect.

Major Pramāṇas in Indian Philosophy

1.Pratyakṣa (Direct Perception): Knowledge obtained directly through the senses. This is considered the most immediate and concrete form of knowledge.

2.Anumāna (Inference): Knowledge gained through logical reasoning and deduction. It involves deriving conclusions from premises that are observed or assumed.