The third and final phase of the Indian national movement, commencing in 1919, represents a significant transition to popular mass movements, marking a period where the Indian struggle for independence gained unprecedented momentum. This era is characterized by a convergence of political aspirations, economic hardships, and social unrest, which collectively fuelled a nationwide campaign against British colonial rule.
1.Expectations for Political Gains: Post-World War I, Indian nationalists harboured expectations for major political concessions from the British, in recognition of India's substantial contributions to the war effort. The anticipation of significant political reforms set the stage for increased nationalist fervour.
2.Preparedness to Fight for Rights: The nationalists were ready to escalate their struggle if their aspirations for greater autonomy and rights were not met, reflecting a decisive shift towards more assertive forms of political engagement.
1.Post-War Economic Hardships: The immediate post-war years saw economic instability, characterized by an initial spike in prices followed by a depression in economic activities. This economic downturn adversely affected various sectors of Indian society.
2.Struggles of Indian Industries: Indian industries, which had experienced a boom during the war due to the absence of foreign manufactured goods, now faced losses and closures with the resumption of imports and the influx of foreign capital.
3.Demands of Indian Industrialists: Indian entrepreneurs began to advocate for protective measures for national industries, including high customs duties and government support, recognizing that only a nationalist movement and an independent government could fulfill these demands.