Institution

Description

Main Objectives

Key Programs/Initiatives

Key Achievements

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992)

An international environmental treaty adopted in 1992 during the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It aims to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The UNFCCC provides a framework for negotiating specific international treaties (protocols) that may set binding limits on greenhouse gases. It is the parent treaty of the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015). The Convention entered into force on 21 March 1994, and as of now, it has 197 parties.

Stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous interference with the climate system. Promote international cooperation on climate change mitigation and adaptation. Facilitate implementation of climate-related policies and measures.

Kyoto Protocol: Sets legally binding emission reduction targets for developed countries.

Paris Agreement: A global accord aiming to limit global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Countries' individual climate action plans to reduce emissions and adapt to climate impacts.

Adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015, ratified by 195 countries. Significant increase in climate action and commitments worldwide. Regular Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings, with COP26 in 2021 resulting in the Glasgow Climate Pact, where over 120 countries committed to carbon neutrality by mid-century.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1972)

UNEP was established following the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972. It serves as the leading global environmental authority, setting the international environmental agenda, promoting the coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development, and advocating for the global environment. UNEP coordinates the development of environmental policy consensus by keeping the global environment under review and bringing emerging issues to the attention of governments and the international community for action. It also provides guidance to UN organizations and other international bodies.

Set the global environmental agenda. Promote sustainable development and advocate for the global environment. Facilitate international environmental cooperation.

Climate Change Adaptation: Programs to help countries adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Green Economy Initiative: Promotes sustainable economic growth that is inclusive and environmentally sound.

Global Environment Outlook: Regular assessments of the state of the global environment.

Establishment of international environmental norms and standards, such as the Minamata Convention on Mercury, signed by 128 countries. Successful campaigns like Beat Plastic Pollution, leading to global actions against plastic waste, with 63 countries implementing bans on single-use plastics. Development of international environmental policies and agreements, such as the Montreal Protocol to protect the ozone layer, which has led to a 98% reduction in ozone-depleting substances.

Global Environment Facility (GEF) (1991)

The GEF was established on the eve of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to help tackle our planet’s most pressing environmental problems. It is a partnership of 183 countries working with international institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector to address global environmental issues. The GEF provides grants and funding to developing countries for projects in biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, chemicals, and waste management. The GEF also serves as a financial mechanism for several environmental conventions, including the UNFCCC, UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, and UN Convention to Combat Desertification.

Provide funding for projects related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, and chemicals and waste. Support sustainable development initiatives in developing countries. Foster international environmental cooperation.

Small Grants Programme: Provides financial and technical support to community-based projects.

Integrated Approach Pilot Programs: Address global environmental challenges through comprehensive and innovative approaches.

Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF): Supports adaptation projects in the world's poorest countries.

Mobilized over $21 billion in grants and $114 billion in co-financing for over 5,000 projects. Significant contributions to the conservation of biodiversity, with over 3,300 projects in more than 165 countries. Support for the implementation of environmental policies and sustainable development practices in developing countries, including the restoration of over 1.5 million hectares of land.

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2009)

IRENA is an intergovernmental organization that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future. It serves as the principal platform for international cooperation, a center of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource, and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar, and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security, and low-carbon economic growth.

Promote the adoption and sustainable use of renewable energy worldwide. Facilitate international cooperation and exchange of best practices and knowledge. Support countries in developing policies, capacity building, and financial mechanisms for renewable energy.

Renewable Readiness Assessments (RRAs): Country-specific assessments and recommendations for renewable energy development.

Global Atlas for Renewable Energy: An interactive mapping tool to assess renewable energy potentials.

IRENA/ADFD Project Facility: Provides funding to renewable energy projects in developing countries.

Increased global renewable energy capacity, with renewables accounting for over 80% of all new power capacity added globally in 2020. Facilitation of international cooperation and policy development, with over 160 member countries. Contributions to the achievement of global renewable energy targets and sustainable development goals, including significant cost reductions in renewable energy technologies.

Green Climate Fund (GCF) (2010)

The GCF is a global fund established within the framework of the UNFCCC as an operating entity of the Convention’s financial mechanism. It was created to support the efforts of developing countries to respond to the challenge of climate change. The GCF helps these countries limit or reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change by channelling climate finance to low-emission and climate-resilient development. It aims to promote a paradigm shift towards low-emission and climate-resilient development, taking into account the needs of nations that are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts.

Provide financial support to developing countries for climate change mitigation and adaptation projects. Promote low-emission and climate-resilient development. Mobilize and leverage climate finance from public and private sources.

Readiness Programme: Supports developing countries in accessing GCF resources.

Simplified Approval Process (SAP): Streamlines the funding proposal approval process for smaller projects.

Private Sector Facility: Engages the private sector in climate finance initiatives.

Approved over $10 billion in climate finance for projects in developing countries. Supported over 150 projects that contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing climate resilience. Mobilized additional financing from public and private sources, including $25 billion in co-financing.

World Bank Group (WBG) (1944)

The World Bank Group is a family of five international organizations, namely the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Its mission is to reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries. The WBG provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e.g., bridges, roads, schools, and other infrastructure) that are expected to improve the economic prospects and quality of life for people in those countries.

Reduce poverty and build shared prosperity. Provide financial and technical assistance for development projects in developing countries. Foster economic development and improve living standards.

IDA: Provides concessional loans and grants to the world’s poorest countries.

IFC: Supports private sector development with investments and advisory services.

Climate Change Action Plan: Guides the WBG’s efforts to integrate climate change considerations into its operations.

Significant contributions to global poverty reduction, with an estimated 1 billion people lifted out of extreme poverty since 1990. Financing and implementation of over 12,000 development projects worldwide. Leadership in integrating climate change into development planning and investments, with $83 billion in climate finance between 2016 and 2020.

International Energy Agency (IEA) (1974)

The IEA is an autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the OECD in response to the 1973 oil crisis. It works to ensure reliable, affordable, and clean energy for its member countries and beyond. The IEA provides policy advice, data analysis, and support for the global transition to sustainable energy. Its focus areas include energy security, economic growth, environmental awareness, and engagement worldwide.

Ensure reliable, affordable, and clean energy. Provide policy advice and data analysis. Support the global transition to sustainable energy.

World Energy Outlook: Annual report providing comprehensive energy projections and analysis.

Energy Technology Perspectives: Analysis of trends in energy technologies. Clean

Energy Transitions Programme: Supports countries in their energy transitions.

Played a key role in addressing energy security during the 1973 oil crisis. Published influential reports such as the World Energy Outlook, shaping global energy policies. Assisted numerous countries in developing and implementing sustainable energy policies.

Climate Investment Funds (CIF) (2008)

The CIFs are a set of financing instruments designed to support low-carbon, climate-resilient development. They provide funding to developing countries to help them mitigate and adapt to climate change, focusing on transformative projects and programs that drive change. The CIFs operate through two main funds: the Clean Technology Fund (CTF) and the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF).

Provide financial support for low-carbon, climate-resilient development. Support transformative projects and programs in developing countries. Mobilize additional climate finance.

Clean Technology Fund (CTF): Invests in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean transport.

Strategic Climate Fund (SCF): Includes programs like the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), Forest Investment Program (FIP), and Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program (SREP).

Provided $8.3 billion in funding, mobilizing an additional $61 billion in co-financing. Supported over 300 projects in 72 countries, significantly contributing to emission reductions and climate resilience. Enabled large-scale renewable energy installations and energy efficiency improvements.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (1948)

The IUCN is a membership union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organizations. It harnesses the experience, resources, and reach of its more than 1,400 member organizations and the input of more than 17,000 experts. IUCN's work focuses on valuing and conserving nature, ensuring effective and equitable governance of its use, and deploying nature-based solutions to global challenges in climate, food, and development.

Conserve biodiversity. Promote the sustainable use of natural resources. Support the deployment of nature-based solutions to global challenges.

Red List of Threatened Species: Comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.

Protected Areas Programme: Supports the creation and management of protected areas worldwide.

Nature-based Solutions: Promotes the use of natural systems to address societal challenges such as climate change and food security.

Maintains the IUCN Red List, assessing over 120,000 species and informing conservation actions. Played a critical role in the establishment of protected areas covering 15% of the world's land and 7% of the oceans. Advanced the concept and implementation of nature-based solutions, influencing global policy frameworks.

Climate Action Network (CAN) (1989)

CAN is a worldwide network of over 1,500 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in more than 130 countries, working to promote government and individual action to limit human-induced climate change to ecologically sustainable levels. CAN coordinates global campaigns and advocacy efforts to influence international climate negotiations and policies.

Promote government and individual action to limit human-induced climate change. Advocate for sustainable and equitable solutions to the climate crisis. Facilitate global cooperation among NGOs.

Global Campaigns: Coordinated campaigns like Keep It in the Ground and Fossil of the Day awards during COP meetings.

Advocacy: Influences international climate policies through participation in UNFCCC negotiations.

Capacity Building: Supports member organizations with resources and training.

Successfully influenced key international agreements, including the Paris Agreement. Elevated the role of civil society in climate negotiations and policies. Coordinated effective global campaigns raising awareness and driving action on climate issues.

Adaptation Fund (AF) (2001)

The Adaptation Fund was established under the Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC to finance concrete adaptation projects and programs in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. It aims to support communities in building resilience and adapting to climate change impacts.

Finance adaptation projects and programs in developing countries. Build resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change impacts. Support vulnerable communities.

Direct Access Modality: Allows national entities to directly access funds.

Project and Programme Support: Funds projects in sectors such as agriculture, coastal zone management, and water resources management.

Knowledge Sharing: Disseminates lessons learned and best practices from funded projects.

Approved over $850 million for adaptation projects in 100 countries. Benefitted more than 31 million people directly and indirectly through funded projects. Pioneered the Direct Access modality, enhancing country ownership of adaptation efforts.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (1950)

WMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation in atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology, and geophysics. It provides world leadership and expertise in international cooperation in the delivery and use of high-quality, authoritative weather, climate, hydrological, and related environmental services by its Members, for the improvement of the well-being of societies of all nations.

Promote international cooperation in atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology, and geophysics. Provide authoritative weather, climate, and hydrological services. Enhance the well-being of societies through improved environmental services.

Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS): Enhances the production and availability of climate services.

World Weather Watch (WWW): Global system for observing and exchanging weather data.

WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS): Enhances the coordination and performance of global observing systems.

Improved global weather forecasting and early warning systems, reducing disaster risks. Established the Global Framework for Climate Services, enhancing the availability of climate information for decision-making. Provided essential data and services supporting international climate research and policy development.

International Maritime Organization (IMO) (1948)

The IMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating shipping. The IMO develops and maintains a comprehensive regulatory framework for shipping, covering safety, environmental concerns, legal matters, technical cooperation, maritime security, and the efficiency of shipping.

Ensure safe, secure, and efficient shipping on clean oceans. Develop and maintain a comprehensive regulatory framework for international shipping. Promote cooperation and uniformity of maritime regulations.

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS): Sets minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment, and operation of merchant ships.

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL): Aims to prevent pollution from ships due to operational or accidental causes.

Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS): Enhances maritime safety and facilitates search and rescue operations.

Significant reduction in maritime accidents and pollution incidents. Adoption of the Ballast Water Management Convention, reducing the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms. Implementation of the IMO 2020 sulphur cap, significantly reducing sulphur oxide emissions from ships.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (1965)

UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience, and resources to help people build a better life. UNDP provides expert advice, training, and grants support to developing countries, with increasing emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries.

Promote sustainable development and poverty reduction. Provide expert advice, training, and grants support. Advocate for inclusive, sustainable development policies.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Supports countries in achieving the 17 SDGs.

Human Development Reports: Provides comprehensive analysis and data on global human development trends.

Global Environment Facility (GEF): Administers projects focused on biodiversity, climate change, and land degradation.

Helped lift millions out of poverty through sustainable development initiatives. Played a key role in the implementation and progress of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Published influential Human Development Reports, shaping global development policies and priorities.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (1966)

UNIDO is a specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalization, and environmental sustainability. It aims to improve living conditions in developing countries by promoting industrial production, trade capacity-building, and sustainable industrial development.

Promote industrial development for poverty reduction and environmental sustainability. Enhance industrial production and trade capacity-building. Support inclusive and sustainable industrialization.

Programme for Country Partnership (PCP): A holistic approach to industrial development in partner countries.

Industrial Resource Efficiency: Initiatives to promote sustainable production and resource efficiency.

Global Manufacturing and Industrialisation Summit (GMIS): Platform for global cooperation on industrial development.

Supported the industrialization of developing countries, contributing to significant economic growth and job creation. Promoted sustainable industrial practices, reducing environmental impacts. Fostered international partnerships and cooperation through initiatives like the GMIS.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (1944)

ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations, established to manage the administration and governance of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention). ICAO works with the Convention’s 193 Member States and industry groups to develop international Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) which are used to ensure the safety, security, efficiency, and environmental protection of international air transport.

Ensure safe, secure, and efficient international civil aviation. Develop and maintain international Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs). Promote global cooperation and uniformity in civil aviation regulations.

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA): Aims to stabilize CO2 emissions from international aviation at 2020 levels.

Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP): Monitors and reports on the safety oversight capabilities of Member States.

Aviation Security Assistance and Capacity Building Programme (ASACBP): Enhances global aviation security through training and capacity building.

Implementation of CORSIA, the first global market-based measure for aviation emissions. Development and adoption of over 12,000 SARPs to enhance aviation safety and efficiency. Significant improvements in global aviation safety and security standards.

Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) (2008)

The FCPF is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous Peoples, focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, promoting forest carbon stock conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+). It supports countries in their REDD+ efforts by providing financial and technical assistance.

Reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). Promote sustainable management of forests and enhance forest carbon stocks. Provide financial and technical assistance to support REDD+ initiatives.

Readiness Fund: Supports countries in preparing for REDD+ implementation, including developing national strategies and building capacity.

Carbon Fund: Provides payments for verified emission reductions from REDD+ programs.

Knowledge Sharing: Disseminates lessons learned and best practices from REDD+ initiatives.

Supported 47 countries in their REDD+ readiness efforts. Mobilized over $1.3 billion in funding for REDD+ activities. Achieved significant progress in developing national REDD+ strategies and frameworks.

Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) (2012)

The CCAC is a voluntary partnership of governments, intergovernmental organizations, businesses, scientific institutions, and civil society committed to improving air quality and protecting the climate by reducing short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) such as methane, black carbon, and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

Improve air quality and protect the climate. Reduce short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). Promote international cooperation and action on SLCP mitigation.

SNAP Initiative: Supports national planning and action on SLCPs.

Oil and Gas Methane Partnership: Works with the oil and gas industry to reduce methane emissions.

Household Energy Initiative: Promotes clean and efficient household energy solutions.

Achieved commitments from over 70 countries to reduce SLCPs. Successful initiatives leading to significant reductions in methane and black carbon emissions. Enhanced global awareness and action on the importance of SLCP mitigation for climate and health benefits.

Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) (2012)

GGGI is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to supporting and promoting strong, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth in developing countries and emerging economies. It works with countries to design and implement programs and strategies that integrate economic growth with environmental sustainability.

Promote strong, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth. Support the transition to a green economy. Assist countries in developing and implementing green growth strategies.

Green Growth Planning & Implementation: Helps countries develop comprehensive green growth plans.

Investment & Policy Solutions: Supports the creation of green investment opportunities and policy frameworks.

Knowledge Solutions: Provides data, tools, and research to support green growth.

Supported the development of green growth strategies in over 30 countries. Mobilized over $2 billion in green and climate finance. Contributed to significant policy changes and investment in renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure.

International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) (1971)

IIED is a policy and action research organization that promotes sustainable development and addresses global environmental and development challenges. It collaborates with partners across the globe to build equitable and sustainable solutions to environmental and developmental problems.

Promote sustainable development and address environmental and development challenges. Conduct policy and action research to inform global, national, and local policies. Build equitable and sustainable solutions through collaboration.

Climate Change Group: Focuses on adaptation and resilience, climate finance, and sustainable energy.

Natural Resources Group: Works on biodiversity, food and agriculture, and water management.

Sustainable Markets Group: Researches and promotes sustainable economic policies and practices.

Influenced international climate policy, including contributions to the Paris Agreement. Advanced the concept and practice of community-based adaptation to climate change. Published influential research and policy recommendations on sustainable development.

World Resources Institute (WRI) (1982)

WRI is a global research organization that spans more than 60 countries. It focuses on seven areas: climate, energy, food, forests, water, sustainable cities, and the ocean. WRI works to turn big ideas into action at the nexus of environment, economic opportunity, and human well-being.

Conduct research and provide solutions for sustainable development. Address climate change, energy, food, forests, water, sustainable cities, and ocean health. Promote policies and practices that improve human well-being and protect the environment.

Climate Program: Develops strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience.

Global Forest Watch: Provides data and tools for monitoring forests worldwide.

Sustainable Cities Initiative: Promotes sustainable urban development and transportation.

Developed tools like the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, widely used for measuring and managing GHG emissions. Led the creation of the New Climate Economy report, influencing global climate and economic policy. Implemented Global Forest Watch, enhancing transparency and accountability in forest management.

Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) (1992)

GCOS is a system that ensures the observations and information needed to address climate-related issues are obtained and made available to all potential users. It encompasses the climate-observing activities of multiple organizations and is designed to meet the needs for climate system monitoring, climate change detection and attribution, operational climate prediction, and climate change adaptation.

Provide comprehensive observations for climate system monitoring. Detect and attribute climate change. Support operational climate prediction and climate change adaptation.

Essential Climate Variables (ECVs): Defines key variables for monitoring the climate system.

GCOS Implementation Plan: Guides the development of climate observing systems.

Cooperation with international organizations: Works with WMO, UNEP, IOC, and others to enhance climate observations.

Established a comprehensive set of Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) for climate monitoring. Influenced the development and enhancement of global climate observing systems. Contributed to the IPCC assessments by providing critical climate data and observations.

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) (1983)

ICIMOD is a regional intergovernmental learning and knowledge-sharing center serving the eight countries of the Hindu Kush Himalayas. It aims to assist mountain people in understanding climate change, adapt to its impacts, and ensure sustainable livelihoods. It brings together researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to foster sustainable mountain development.

Promote sustainable mountain development. Enhance the resilience of mountain communities to climate change. Facilitate regional cooperation and knowledge sharing.

Himalayan Climate and Water Atlas: Provides climate change projections for the region.

REDD+ Himalaya: Supports forest conservation and climate change mitigation.

AdaptHIMAL: Enhances climate resilience through livelihood improvements and adaptation strategies.

Provided critical climate and hydrological data for the Hindu Kush Himalayas. Promoted regional cooperation on issues such as water management and disaster risk reduction. Supported community-based adaptation projects, improving livelihoods and resilience.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC) (1951)

TNC is a global environmental organization dedicated to conserving the lands and waters on which all life depends. It works in 72 countries, using a science-based approach to tackle the most urgent environmental threats, including biodiversity loss, climate change, and sustainable development.

Conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Address biodiversity loss and climate change. Promote sustainable development and community-based conservation.

Global Conservation Initiatives: Focus on forests, freshwater, oceans, and grasslands.

NatureVest: TNC's impact investment unit, mobilizing capital for conservation.

Climate Action: Mitigates climate change through nature-based solutions and policy advocacy.

Protected over 125 million acres of land and thousands of miles of rivers worldwide. Launched NatureVest, mobilizing over $2 billion for conservation projects. Implemented large-scale restoration projects, such as reforesting the Atlantic Forest in Brazil and restoring oyster reefs in the Gulf of Mexico.

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (1993)

CIFOR is a non-profit, scientific institution that conducts research on the most pressing challenges of forest and landscape management around the world. It aims to improve human well-being, protect the environment, and increase equity. CIFOR focuses on multidisciplinary research to inform policies and practices for sustainable forest management.

Conduct research to improve human well-being and protect the environment. Inform policies and practices for sustainable forest management. Promote equity in forest governance and management.

Global Landscapes Forum (GLF): Platform for discussing sustainable land use.

REDD+ Research: Studies on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.

Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA): Research program on the sustainable management of forests and trees in agricultural landscapes.

Influenced international forestry policies and practices through research. Contributed to the development and implementation of REDD+ strategies. Facilitated global dialogues on sustainable land use through the GLF, reaching millions of stakeholders.

Conservation International (CI) (1987)

CI is a global environmental organization that works to protect the critical benefits that nature provides to people. It focuses on science, partnerships, and fieldwork to conserve biodiversity, promote sustainable development, and combat climate change. CI operates in more than 30 countries, protecting ecosystems and improving human well-being.

Protect biodiversity and ecosystems. Promote sustainable development. Combat climate change through nature-based solutions.

Natural Climate Solutions: Uses nature to mitigate climate change and enhance resilience.

Sustainable Landscapes and Seascapes: Promotes integrated management of land and marine areas.

Conservation Finance: Mobilizes funding for conservation projects through innovative financial mechanisms.

Protected more than 6 million square kilometers of land and sea. Launched the Sustainable Coffee Challenge, improving sustainability in the coffee sector. Pioneered the concept of natural climate solutions, influencing global climate strategies.

European Environment Agency (EEA) (1994)

EEA is an agency of the European Union that provides independent information on the environment. Its goal is to support sustainable development by helping to achieve significant and measurable improvements in Europe’s environment through the provision of timely, targeted, relevant, and reliable information to policymakers and the public.

Provide independent information on the environment. Support sustainable development and environmental policies. Monitor and report on environmental trends and challenges.

European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONet): Collects and shares environmental data.

State of the Environment Report (SOER): Comprehensive assessment of Europe’s environment.

Climate-ADAPT: European Climate Adaptation Platform supporting adaptation planning.

Published the State of the Environment Report (SOER), informing EU environmental policies. Developed the EIOnet, enhancing environmental monitoring and data sharing across Europe. Contributed to significant improvements in air and water quality in Europe through policy support and information dissemination.

Global Water Partnership (GWP) (1996)

GWP is an international network created to foster integrated water resources management (IWRM), which aims to ensure the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources to maximize economic and social welfare without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.

Promote integrated water resources management (IWRM). Foster sustainable water management practices. Facilitate global and regional cooperation on water issues.

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Toolbox: Provides tools and resources for implementing IWRM.

Water, Climate, and Development Programme (WACDEP): Supports climate resilience through water management.

Regional Water Partnerships: Enhances cooperation and knowledge sharing at the regional level.

Supported the development of national IWRM plans in over 80 countries. Mobilized action on water and climate resilience, benefiting millions of people. Enhanced regional cooperation on transboundary water management in various regions.

Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR) (2010)

PMR is a global partnership of countries that provides funding and technical assistance for the design and implementation of carbon pricing instruments. It helps countries prepare for and implement market-based approaches to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, fostering innovation and knowledge sharing.

Support the design and implementation of carbon pricing instruments. Provide funding and technical assistance for carbon market readiness. Foster knowledge sharing and innovation in carbon pricing.

Carbon Pricing Initiatives: Supports countries in developing and implementing carbon pricing policies.

Technical Workshops and Knowledge Sharing: Facilitates learning and exchange among partner countries.

Country Support Programs: Provides tailored assistance to countries for market readiness.

Supported carbon pricing initiatives in over 20 countries, including China and Mexico. Facilitated the exchange of knowledge and best practices on carbon markets. Enhanced the capacity of countries to implement market-based approaches to emissions reduction.

International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC) (2009)

IPEEC is a high-level international forum that promotes energy efficiency improvements across sectors globally. It facilitates policy dialogue and the exchange of best practices among major economies and supports the implementation of energy efficiency policies and programs.

Promote energy efficiency improvements globally. Facilitate policy dialogue and the exchange of best practices. Support the implementation of energy efficiency policies and programs.

Building Energy Efficiency Task Group (BEET): Focuses on improving energy efficiency in buildings.

Energy Management Working Group (EMWG): Promotes energy management practices in industry.

Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) Initiative: Aims to accelerate the global market transformation towards energy-efficient appliances and equipment.

Facilitated international cooperation on energy efficiency, influencing global policies. Supported the development and implementation of energy efficiency standards and programs in member countries. Contributed to significant energy savings and emissions reductions through collaborative initiatives.

Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) (2004)

REN21 is a global multi-stakeholder network that connects a wide range of key actors from governments, international organizations, industry associations, science and academia, and civil society to facilitate knowledge exchange, policy development, and joint action towards a rapid global transition to renewable energy.

Facilitate knowledge exchange and policy development for renewable energy. Promote the rapid global transition to renewable energy. Connect and coordinate key actors in the renewable energy sector.

Renewables Global Status Report (GSR): Annual report on the global renewable energy status and trends.

Renewables Interactive Map: Online tool to explore renewable energy developments worldwide.

International Renewable Energy Conferences (IRECs): High-level conferences to discuss and promote renewable energy policies.

Published influential Renewables Global Status Report (GSR), shaping renewable energy policies worldwide, with over 180 countries covered in the latest report. Facilitated international cooperation and policy development through IRECs, attended by thousands of stakeholders from various sectors. Enhanced global awareness and knowledge sharing on renewable energy developments, contributing to the doubling of global renewable power capacity over the past decade.

Global Methane Initiative (GMI) (2004)

GMI is a voluntary, multilateral partnership that aims to reduce global methane emissions and advance the recovery and use of methane as a clean energy source. It focuses on key sectors such as agriculture, coal mines, landfills, and oil and gas systems to mitigate methane emissions and promote sustainable development.

Reduce global methane emissions. Advance the recovery and use of methane as a clean energy source. Promote sustainable development through methane mitigation.

Methane to Markets Partnership: Collaborates with countries and organizations to reduce methane emissions.

Methane Challenge Program: Encourages companies to commit to reducing methane emissions and improving operations.

Technical and Policy Support: Provides expertise and resources for methane mitigation projects.

Reduced over 450 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent methane emissions through collaborative projects. Supported methane recovery and use projects in over 40 countries, including significant projects in China and India. Enhanced global capacity and knowledge on methane mitigation technologies and practices, contributing to the reduction of potent greenhouse gases and supporting energy security.

International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) (2007)

ICAP is an international forum for governments and public authorities that have implemented or are planning to implement carbon markets through emissions trading systems (ETS). It provides a platform for sharing knowledge and experiences to improve the design and implementation of carbon markets.

Facilitate knowledge and experience sharing on carbon markets. Improve the design and implementation of emissions trading systems (ETS). Promote international cooperation on carbon pricing.

ICAP Training Courses: Provides education and capacity building on ETS design and implementation.

ETS Briefs and Status Reports: Regular updates and analyses of global carbon market developments.

Knowledge Sharing Workshops: Forums for policymakers and experts to discuss best practices and challenges in ETS.

Fostered international cooperation on carbon market development and implementation, with members from over 30 jurisdictions. Supported the establishment and improvement of ETS in various regions, including the EU ETS, California Cap-and-Trade Program, and China’s national ETS. Published comprehensive reports and analyses, enhancing global understanding of carbon markets and contributing to the reduction of over 2 billion metric tons of CO2 emissions annually through implemented ETS.

United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) (2003)

UNU-EHS is a research institute of the United Nations University that focuses on the links between environmental hazards, human security, and societal resilience. It aims to conduct cutting-edge research, provide policy-relevant knowledge, and enhance the capacities of scholars and policymakers in addressing environmental risks and promoting human security.

Conduct research on environmental hazards and human security. Provide policy-relevant knowledge and recommendations. Enhance capacities of scholars and policymakers.

Munich Climate Insurance Initiative (MCII): Develops insurance solutions to address climate risks.

EVAPLAN: Research project on ecosystem-based adaptation.

Vulnerability Assessment and Resilience Measures: Tools for assessing and enhancing community resilience.

Published influential research on climate change, disasters, and human security, informing international policies. Contributed to the development of climate risk insurance products that protect vulnerable communities, with MCII influencing policies in multiple countries. Supported capacity building through training programs and partnerships, reaching hundreds of scholars and policymakers.

The Climate Group (2004)

The Climate Group is an international non-profit organization that works to accelerate climate action by bringing together powerful networks of businesses and governments. It aims to create a world of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 through initiatives that scale up the deployment of clean technologies and policies.

Accelerate climate action towards net-zero emissions by 2050. Bring together businesses and governments to scale up clean technologies and policies. Promote leadership and innovation in climate solutions.

RE100: A global initiative encouraging companies to commit to 100% renewable electricity.

EV100: Promotes the transition to electric vehicles among leading companies.

EP100: Encourages companies to double their energy productivity.

Engaged over 300 influential companies and governments in climate action initiatives. Facilitated commitments from over 260 companies to 100% renewable electricity through RE100. Promoted significant advancements in electric vehicle adoption and energy productivity improvements, contributing to substantial emissions reductions.

Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) (2000)

CDP is a global non-profit that runs the world's leading environmental disclosure system. It enables companies, cities, states, and regions to measure and manage their environmental impacts, with a focus on carbon emissions, water security, and deforestation.

Provide a global disclosure system for environmental impacts. Enable organizations to measure and manage carbon emissions, water security, and deforestation. Promote transparency and accountability in environmental performance.

Climate Change Program: Supports organizations in disclosing and managing their carbon emissions.

Water Security Program: Focuses on water-related risks and opportunities.

Forests Program: Addresses the impact of supply chains on deforestation.

Collected environmental data from over 10,000 companies, cities, states, and regions. Influenced investment decisions worth over $106 trillion by providing data to investors. Contributed to significant improvements in corporate environmental performance, with many companies achieving substantial emissions reductions and improved resource management.

International Emissions Trading Association (IETA) (1999)

IETA is a non-profit business organization that serves as the leading voice for the business community on carbon markets and climate finance. It promotes market-based solutions to environmental problems, focusing on the design and implementation of trading systems for greenhouse gas emissions.

Promote market-based solutions to environmental problems. Advocate for the development and implementation of emissions trading systems (ETS). Provide a platform for businesses to engage in carbon markets and climate finance.

Carbon Market Platform: Facilitates dialogue on carbon market mechanisms and policies.

International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance (ICROA): Sets best practices for carbon offset programs.

Business Partnership for Market Readiness (B-PMR): Supports businesses in preparing for carbon pricing and trading systems.

Played a key role in the development and expansion of carbon markets globally. Influenced the design and implementation of ETS in regions such as the EU, California, and China. Enhanced corporate engagement in carbon markets, with over 200 member companies participating in climate finance initiatives.

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) (1992)

WBCSD is a global CEO-led organization of over 200 leading businesses working together to accelerate the transition to a sustainable world. It provides a platform for companies to share best practices, develop innovative solutions, and advocate for policies that support sustainable development.

Accelerate the transition to a sustainable world. Promote corporate sustainability and innovation. Advocate for policies that support sustainable development.

Action2020: Provides a framework for businesses to address key sustainability challenges.

Low Carbon Technology Partnerships initiative (LCTPi): Accelerates the deployment of low-carbon technologies.

WASH at the Workplace: Ensures access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene for employees.

Engaged over 200 leading companies in sustainability initiatives, representing a combined revenue of $8.5 trillion. Developed the Action2020 framework, guiding corporate actions on sustainability. Promoted significant advancements in low-carbon technologies and sustainable business practices.

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (1972)

IIASA is an international research institute that conducts policy-oriented research into issues too large or complex to be solved by a single country or academic discipline. Its research focuses on environmental, economic, technological, and social change, addressing global challenges such as climate change, energy security, and sustainable development.

Conduct interdisciplinary research on global challenges. Provide policy-relevant knowledge and solutions. Foster international scientific cooperation and capacity building.

Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs): Tools for analyzing climate, energy, and land-use policies.

Global Energy Assessment (GEA): Comprehensive analysis of global energy systems and policy options.

Ecosystem Services and Management (ESM) Program: Research on the sustainable use of natural resources.

Influenced international climate policy through the development of Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs). Contributed to the IPCC reports, providing critical scientific input on climate change. Supported global policy development through the Global Energy Assessment, influencing energy and climate strategies in multiple countries.

Friends of the Earth International (FoEI) (1971)

FoEI is an international network of environmental organizations in 73 countries, advocating for sustainable development and environmental justice. It focuses on grassroots campaigns and activism to address environmental issues and promote social justice, human rights, and sustainable living.

Advocate for sustainable development and environmental justice. Promote social justice and human rights. Support grassroots campaigns and activism.

Climate Justice and Energy Campaign: Promotes renewable energy and climate justice.

Food Sovereignty Campaign: Supports sustainable agriculture and local food systems.

Biodiversity and Forests Campaign: Protects biodiversity and forests through community action.

Successfully campaigned against numerous environmentally damaging projects, including stopping destructive dams and mining operations. Played a pivotal role in the global movement for climate justice, influencing international climate policies. Supported local communities in achieving sustainable development and environmental protection.

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) (1961)

WWF is one of the world's leading conservation organizations, working in over 100 countries to conserve nature and reduce the most pressing threats to the diversity of life on Earth. It focuses on protecting biodiversity, tackling climate change, and promoting sustainable development.

Conserve nature and protect biodiversity. Reduce the most pressing threats to the environment. Promote sustainable development and climate action.

Earth Hour: Global movement to raise awareness about climate change.

Living Planet Report: Biennial report on the state of the world's biodiversity.

Sustainable Food Systems: Promotes sustainable agriculture and responsible consumption.

Protected over 1 billion acres of land and 5 million square miles of ocean. Influenced global climate policies through initiatives like Earth Hour, with participation from over 180 countries. Published the Living Planet Report, highlighting the urgent need for biodiversity conservation.

Greenpeace International (1971)

Greenpeace is a global environmental organization known for its direct action and high-profile campaigns to protect the environment. It operates in over 55 countries, addressing issues such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing, and pollution.

Protect the environment through direct action and campaigns. Promote sustainable practices and policies. Raise awareness and engage the public in environmental issues.

Climate and Energy Campaign: Advocates for renewable energy and climate action.

Oceans Campaign: Works to protect marine ecosystems and promote sustainable fisheries.

Detox Campaign: Aims to eliminate hazardous chemicals from products and manufacturing processes.

Played a key role in the global movement to ban nuclear testing and whaling. Successfully campaigned for the creation of marine reserves and protection of ocean habitats. Influenced corporate practices and policies to eliminate hazardous chemicals through the Detox Campaign.

Global Adaptation Network (GAN) (2010)

GAN is an international network that facilitates the sharing of knowledge and experiences related to climate change adaptation. It connects governments, organizations, and communities to promote effective adaptation practices and build resilience to climate impacts.

Facilitate the sharing of knowledge and experiences on climate adaptation. Promote effective adaptation practices. Build resilience to climate impacts.

Regional Networks: Includes REGATTA (Latin America and Caribbean), APAN (Asia-Pacific), and AAKNet (Africa).

Adaptation Knowledge Platform: Online resource for adaptation information and tools.

Capacity Building and Training: Provides training programs and workshops on climate adaptation.

Enhanced global knowledge sharing and collaboration on climate adaptation through regional networks. Supported capacity building and training programs, benefiting thousands of practitioners and policymakers. Developed comprehensive adaptation knowledge resources, accessible to a wide range of stakeholders.

ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability (1990)

ICLEI is a global network of over 1,750 local and regional governments committed to sustainable urban development. It provides technical services, training, and information to build capacity, share knowledge, and support local governments in implementing sustainable development policies and practices.

Promote sustainable urban development. Support local and regional governments in implementing sustainability policies. Facilitate knowledge sharing and capacity building.

GreenClimateCities Program: Supports cities in climate action planning and implementation.

Resilient Cities Congress: Annual forum for urban resilience and climate adaptation.

EcoMobility Alliance: Promotes sustainable urban mobility solutions.

Engaged over 1,750 local and regional governments in sustainability initiatives. Supported cities in developing and implementing climate action plans, contributing to significant emissions reductions. Hosted the Resilient Cities Congress, facilitating global dialogue on urban resilience and climate adaptation.

Conventions

Description

Main Objectives

Key Programs/Initiatives

Key Achievements

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that extends the 1992 UNFCCC and commits its parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise that global warming exists and human-made CO2 emissions have caused it. The Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities."

Legally bind developed countries to emission reduction targets. Promote sustainable development through mechanisms like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Facilitate the global carbon market through emissions trading.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): Allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to earn certified emission reduction credits.

Joint Implementation (JI): Enables industrialized countries to carry out emission-reduction projects in other industrialized countries.

International Emissions Trading: Permits countries to buy and sell emission allowances.

Achieved emission reduction commitments by developed countries during the first commitment period (2008-2012). Facilitated over 7,800 CDM projects, generating over 1.6 billion certified emission reduction credits. Laid the groundwork for the development of carbon markets and emissions trading systems globally.

Paris Agreement (2015)

The Paris Agreement is a landmark international accord adopted at COP21 in Paris, aiming to limit global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. It brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries.

Limit global temperature increase to well below 2°C, and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. Enhance adaptive capacity and resilience to climate impacts. Align financial flows with pathways toward low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Each country outlines its own climate action plan to reduce emissions.

Global Stocktake: Periodic review of collective progress towards the Agreement’s long-term goals.

Climate Finance: Mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020 to support climate action in developing countries.

Ratified by 195 countries, representing a global commitment to climate action. Significant increase in national climate pledges and long-term strategies for net-zero emissions. Enhanced transparency and accountability through the global stocktake and reporting mechanisms.

Montreal Protocol (1987)

The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). It is considered one of the most successful environmental agreements, achieving universal ratification and significant environmental benefits.

Phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. Protect and restore the ozone layer. Prevent adverse effects on human health and the environment.

Multilateral Fund: Provides financial assistance to developing countries to phase out ODS.

Amendments: Adjustments and amendments, including the Kigali Amendment, which targets hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

Compliance Mechanism: Ensures parties meet their commitments through monitoring and reporting.

Achieved a 98% reduction in the consumption of controlled ODS, preventing millions of cases of skin cancer and cataracts. Facilitated the recovery of the ozone layer, which is projected to return to pre-1980 levels by mid-century. Successfully addressed new challenges through amendments, such as the Kigali Amendment to phase down HFCs, potent greenhouse gases.

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992)

The CBD is an international legally binding treaty aimed at the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. It was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

Conserve biological diversity. Promote sustainable use of biodiversity components. Ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020: Sets 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets to guide global efforts.

Nagoya Protocol: Focuses on access to genetic resources and the fair sharing of benefits.

Cartagena Protocol: Addresses biosafety issues related to the use of living modified organisms.

Significant progress in establishing protected areas, with over 15% of terrestrial and 7% of marine areas protected. Adoption of the Nagoya Protocol, enhancing global access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources. Increased global awareness and integration of biodiversity considerations into national policies and strategies.

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) (1994)

The UNCCD is an international agreement aimed at addressing desertification, land degradation, and drought (DLDD) in affected areas, particularly in Africa. It emphasizes the importance of sustainable land management and the restoration of degraded land and soil.

Combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought. Promote sustainable land management and the restoration of degraded land. Enhance cooperation and partnerships to address DLDD.

Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN): A global goal to achieve a balance between land degradation and restoration.

Drought Initiative: Supports countries in developing drought preparedness plans.

Great Green Wall Initiative: Aims to restore degraded landscapes in Africa’s Sahel region.

Established Land Degradation Neutrality targets in over 120 countries. Supported the development of national action plans to combat desertification. Promoted significant restoration efforts through the Great Green Wall Initiative, aiming to restore 100 million hectares of degraded land by 2030.

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985)

The Vienna Convention is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). It provides a framework for international cooperation and has led to the adoption of the Montreal Protocol, which sets binding obligations for reducing ODS.

Protect the ozone layer from depletion. Promote international cooperation on research, monitoring, and information exchange. Ensure compliance with measures to reduce ODS.

Montreal Protocol: Sets binding obligations for phasing out ODS.

Assessment Panels: Provide scientific, environmental, and technological information on ozone depletion.

Financial Mechanism: Supports developing countries in meeting their obligations under the Protocol.

Achieved universal ratification by 198 countries. Facilitated a 98% reduction in the global consumption of ODS. Contributed to the ongoing recovery of the ozone layer, which is projected to return to pre-1980 levels by mid-century.

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001)

The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which are chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms, and are toxic to humans and wildlife.

Eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment. Protect human health and the environment from the harmful effects of POPs. Promote safer alternatives to POPs.

Global Monitoring Plan: Tracks the presence of POPs in the environment.

National Implementation Plans (NIPs): Guides countries in managing and reducing POPs. POPs Review

Committee: Evaluates chemicals for inclusion under the Convention.

Successfully eliminated or restricted the use of 28 dangerous POPs, including DDT, PCBs, and dioxins. Facilitated the development and implementation of NIPs in over 150 countries. Contributed to the reduction of POPs levels in the environment and human populations.

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971)

The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. It aims to halt the worldwide loss of wetlands and ensure their conservation through wise use and management. The Convention provides a framework for national action and international cooperation.

Conserve and sustainably use wetlands. Promote the wise use and management of wetlands. Encourage international cooperation on wetland conservation.

Ramsar Sites: Designation of Wetlands of International Importance.

Montreux Record: Register of wetland sites needing priority conservation attention.

Wetland Conservation and Management: Support for national and regional wetland conservation initiatives.

Designated over 2,400 Ramsar Sites, covering more than 255 million hectares of wetlands. Enhanced global awareness and recognition of the importance of wetlands. Supported numerous conservation projects and initiatives, contributing to the protection and sustainable use of vital wetland ecosystems.

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989)

The Basel Convention is an international treaty designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, specifically to prevent the transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. It aims to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects of hazardous wastes.

Reduce transboundary movements of hazardous waste. Promote environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes. Minimize the generation of hazardous wastes.

Ban Amendment: Prohibits the export of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries.

Technical Guidelines: Provides guidance on the environmentally sound management of specific waste streams.

Regional Centres: Supports capacity building and technical assistance in developing countries.

Achieved significant reductions in the illegal trafficking of hazardous wastes. Facilitated the development of technical guidelines for the safe management of hazardous wastes. Enhanced global capacity for the environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes through the establishment of regional centres.

Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (1998)

The Rotterdam Convention is an international treaty designed to facilitate informed decision-making by countries regarding the importation of hazardous chemicals and pesticides. It promotes shared responsibility and cooperative efforts in the international trade of these substances to protect human health and the environment.

Promote shared responsibility and cooperation in the international trade of hazardous chemicals. Ensure that importing countries have the necessary information to make informed decisions. Protect human health and the environment from potential harm from hazardous chemicals.

Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure: Requires exporting countries to obtain consent from importing countries before shipping hazardous chemicals.

Chemical Review Committee: Evaluates chemicals for inclusion in the PIC procedure.

Information Exchange: Facilitates the exchange of information on hazardous chemicals and regulatory actions.

Enhanced global control over the trade of hazardous chemicals and pesticides. Over 50 chemicals listed under the PIC procedure, improving safety and decision-making in international trade. Increased awareness and capacity for the safe management of hazardous chemicals in developing countries.

Minamata Convention on Mercury (2013)

The Minamata Convention is a global treaty aimed at protecting human health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury. It addresses the entire life cycle of mercury, including its supply, trade, use, emissions, and disposal.

Protect human health and the environment from mercury emissions and releases. Reduce and eliminate the use of mercury in products and industrial processes. Promote the environmentally sound management of mercury waste.

Mercury Reduction in Products and Processes: Phasing out the use of mercury in products like batteries, thermometers, and certain industrial processes.

Emission Controls: Establishes measures to control mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants, waste incineration, and other sources.

Environmentally Sound Management of Mercury Waste: Guidelines for the safe handling and disposal of mercury waste.

Achieved global agreement to phase out the use of mercury in many products and industrial processes. Significant reductions in mercury emissions and releases, contributing to improved environmental and human health. Raised global awareness and capacity for the management and reduction of mercury pollution.

Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (2010)

The Nagoya Protocol is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that aims to provide a transparent legal framework for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

Ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic resources. Promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Provide legal certainty and transparency for providers and users of genetic resources.

Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) Mechanisms: Legal frameworks for accessing genetic resources and sharing benefits.

Capacity Building and Awareness: Supports the development of national capacities for implementing ABS.

Compliance Measures: Ensures that users of genetic resources comply with national ABS requirements.

Facilitated the development of national ABS frameworks in over 100 countries. Promoted equitable benefit-sharing arrangements, contributing to the conservation of biodiversity. Increased global awareness and capacity for implementing ABS measures, enhancing cooperation between providers and users of genetic resources.

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000)

The Cartagena Protocol is an international agreement aimed at ensuring the safe handling, transport, and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology. It seeks to protect biological diversity from potential risks posed by LMOs, while also considering human health and socioeconomic considerations.

Ensure the safe handling, transport, and use of living modified organisms (LMOs). Protect biological diversity from potential risks posed by LMOs. Consider human health and socioeconomic impacts of LMOs.

Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH): Facilitates information exchange on LMOs.

Advance Informed Agreement (AIA) Procedure: Requires notification and consent before the first transboundary movement of LMOs.

Risk Assessment and Management: Provides guidelines for assessing and managing risks associated with LMOs.

Established a global framework for the regulation and safe management of LMOs. Facilitated international cooperation and information exchange through the Biosafety Clearing-House. Enhanced capacity for risk assessment and management of LMOs in many countries, contributing to biosafety and environmental protection.

Bonn Convention (Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals) (1979)

The Bonn Convention is an international treaty aimed at conserving migratory species of wild animals across their range. It provides a platform for countries to cooperate in conserving migratory species and their habitats, addressing threats such as habitat loss, climate change, and hunting.

Conserve migratory species and their habitats. Promote international cooperation and coordinated conservation efforts. Address threats to migratory species, including habitat loss and climate change.

Agreements and Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs): Facilitates specific conservation actions for targeted species and regions.

Concerted Actions: Implements coordinated conservation measures for endangered migratory species.

Scientific Council: Provides scientific advice and recommendations for conservation actions.

Facilitated over 120 agreements and MOUs for the conservation of migratory species, including iconic species like the African elephant and marine turtles. Enhanced international cooperation and coordination, leading to significant conservation successes. Raised global awareness and support for the protection of migratory species and their habitats.

Aarhus Convention (Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters) (1998)

The Aarhus Convention is an international treaty that grants the public rights regarding access to information, public participation in decision-making, and access to justice in environmental matters. It aims to promote transparent and inclusive environmental governance and enhance the protection of the environment and human health.

Promote access to information on environmental matters. Facilitate public participation in environmental decision-making. Ensure access to justice in environmental matters.

Access to Information: Guarantees the public's right to access environmental information held by public authorities.

Public Participation: Ensures that the public can participate in environmental decision-making processes.

Access to Justice: Provides mechanisms for the public to challenge public decisions that have been made without respecting the two aforementioned rights.

Strengthened public access to environmental information and participation in decision-making processes in over 45 countries. Enhanced transparency and accountability in environmental governance. Provided legal mechanisms for the public to seek justice in environmental matters, contributing to improved environmental protection and public health.

Espoo Convention (Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context) (1991)

The Espoo Convention is an international treaty that establishes the obligation of its parties to assess the environmental impact of certain activities at an early stage of planning. It also sets out the general obligation of states to notify and consult each other on all major projects under consideration that are likely to have a significant adverse environmental impact across boundaries.

Assess environmental impacts of activities at an early planning stage. Notify and consult affected parties about transboundary environmental impacts. Promote international cooperation in environmental impact assessment (EIA).

Notification Procedure: Requires notification to affected parties of proposed activities likely to cause significant transboundary impacts.

Public Participation: Ensures public participation in the EIA process.

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Protocol: Expands the scope to include policies, plans, and programs.

Enhanced international cooperation and transparency in assessing transboundary environmental impacts. Facilitated the inclusion of public participation in environmental decision-making processes. Supported the adoption of the SEA Protocol, extending the benefits of EIA to broader policy and planning contexts.

Bali Action Plan (2007)

The Bali Action Plan was adopted at the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP13) to the UNFCCC in Bali, Indonesia. It established a comprehensive process for negotiations to address climate change, focusing on long-term cooperative action, including mitigation, adaptation, technology development and transfer, and financial support.

Facilitate long-term cooperative action to address climate change. Enhance mitigation and adaptation efforts. Promote technology development and transfer. Mobilize financial resources for climate action.

Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA): Negotiates the details of the Bali Action Plan.

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs): Voluntary mitigation actions by developing countries.

Adaptation Fund: Supports adaptation projects in developing countries.

Laid the groundwork for the subsequent negotiation of the Copenhagen Accord and the Paris Agreement. Enhanced global focus on both mitigation and adaptation efforts. Mobilized increased financial and technological support for developing countries.

Cancun Agreements (2010)

The Cancun Agreements were a set of decisions adopted at the 16th Conference of the Parties (COP16) to the UNFCCC in Cancun, Mexico. They included significant advancements in climate action, such as the establishment of the Green Climate Fund, the Cancun Adaptation Framework, and the recognition of the 2°C target.

Strengthen the global response to climate change. Establish mechanisms for financial, technological, and adaptation support. Recognize and promote the 2°C temperature target.

Green Climate Fund (GCF): Mobilizes funding to support climate action in developing countries.

Cancun Adaptation Framework: Enhances adaptation efforts and support.

Technology Mechanism: Facilitates technology development and transfer.

Established the Green Climate Fund, which has mobilized over $10 billion for climate action. Enhanced global commitments to climate adaptation and support for vulnerable countries. Strengthened international consensus on limiting global temperature rise to 2°C, influencing future climate negotiations and agreements.

Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol (2012)

The Doha Amendment establishes a second commitment period (2013-2020) for the Kyoto Protocol, with new emission reduction targets for participating countries. It aims to continue the efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address climate change following the first commitment period.

Extend the Kyoto Protocol with a second commitment period. Set new emission reduction targets for participating countries. Strengthen global efforts to mitigate climate change.

Second Commitment Period: Sets new binding targets for 37 developed countries and the European Union.

Inclusion of New Gases: Adds nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) to the list of greenhouse gases to be monitored.

Compliance Mechanism: Continues the enforcement of compliance with emission reduction targets.

Achieved ratification by 147 countries, enabling the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol. Set ambitious new targets for developed countries, contributing to ongoing global emission reductions. Reinforced international commitment to climate action during the interim period before the Paris Agreement took effect.

Nairobi Work Programme on Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation to Climate Change (2005)

The Nairobi Work Programme is a UNFCCC initiative aimed at assisting countries, particularly developing countries, to improve their understanding and assessment of impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change. It promotes knowledge sharing and capacity building for adaptation planning and implementation.

Enhance understanding of climate impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation. Promote knowledge sharing and capacity building. Support adaptation planning and implementation in developing countries.

Knowledge Sharing: Provides a platform for exchanging information on adaptation practices and experiences.

Technical Assistance: Offers support and guidance for adaptation assessments and planning.

Partnerships and Collaborations: Engages with diverse stakeholders to enhance adaptation efforts.

Facilitated over 350 technical and knowledge-sharing activities, benefiting numerous countries and communities. Supported the integration of adaptation measures into national planning and policies in many developing countries. Enhanced global understanding of climate impacts and adaptation through comprehensive assessments and reports.

Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage (2013)

The Warsaw International Mechanism was established at COP19 in Warsaw to address loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate change, including extreme events and slow onset events. It aims to enhance understanding, coordination, and support to vulnerable countries experiencing loss and damage.

Address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts. Enhance understanding and coordination of loss and damage measures. Provide support to vulnerable countries experiencing loss and damage.

Loss and Damage Executive Committee: Coordinates the implementation of the Mechanism's functions.

Comprehensive Risk Management: Promotes the development of risk management strategies and approaches.

Finance and Technology Support: Mobilizes resources and technical assistance for addressing loss and damage.

Strengthened the international focus on loss and damage, influencing subsequent climate negotiations and agreements. Supported the development of national and regional strategies to manage climate-related loss and damage. Mobilized financial and technical support for vulnerable countries, helping them cope with the impacts of climate change.

Lima Call for Climate Action (2014)

The Lima Call for Climate Action was a decision adopted at the COP20 in Lima, Peru. It set the foundation for the Paris Agreement by establishing the framework for Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) and enhancing pre-2020 climate action.

Establish a framework for countries to submit their INDCs. Enhance pre-2020 climate action. Build momentum towards the Paris Agreement.

Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs): Framework for countries to outline their post-2020 climate actions.

Lima-Paris Action Agenda: Initiative to catalyze climate action by non-state actors.

Climate Finance: Emphasis on mobilizing financial resources for climate action.

Facilitated the submission of INDCs by 190 countries, laying the groundwork for the Paris Agreement. Enhanced engagement of non-state actors in climate action through the Lima-Paris Action Agenda. Strengthened international commitment to mobilizing climate finance, supporting developing countries' climate efforts.

Marrakech Action Proclamation for Our Climate and Sustainable Development (2016)

The Marrakech Action Proclamation was issued at COP22 in Marrakech, Morocco. It reaffirmed the global commitment to climate action and sustainable development, emphasizing the urgency of implementation and increased ambition.

Reaffirm global commitment to climate action and sustainable development. Emphasize the urgency of implementing the Paris Agreement. Increase ambition and action to combat climate change.

Global Climate Action Agenda: Promotes cooperative climate initiatives by governments, businesses, and civil society.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Encourages countries to enhance their climate pledges.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Aligns climate action with the broader SDGs framework.

Reaffirmed the commitment of 197 parties to the Paris Agreement, despite political changes in some countries. Mobilized increased ambition and action, leading to enhanced NDCs from several countries. Strengthened the alignment of climate action with the SDGs, promoting integrated and sustainable development.

Katowice Climate Package (2018)

The Katowice Climate Package, adopted at COP24 in Katowice, Poland, provides the rulebook for implementing the Paris Agreement. It includes guidelines on transparency, reporting, and the review of climate actions and support, ensuring accountability and fostering trust among parties.

Provide a comprehensive rulebook for implementing the Paris Agreement. Ensure transparency, accountability, and comparability of climate actions and support. Foster trust and cooperation among parties.

Transparency Framework: Guidelines for reporting and reviewing climate actions and support.

Global Stocktake: Process for assessing collective progress towards the Paris Agreement goals.

Common Time Frames: Standardizes the time frames for NDCs to enhance comparability.

Established a robust and transparent framework for reporting and reviewing climate actions, enhancing accountability. Agreed on common time frames for NDCs, facilitating comparability and coordination. Laid the foundation for the first Global Stocktake in 2023, which will assess collective progress and inform future actions.

Glasgow Climate Pact (2021)

The Glasgow Climate Pact was adopted at COP26 in Glasgow, Scotland. It aims to accelerate action on climate change by strengthening the commitments made under the Paris Agreement and addressing key issues such as finance, adaptation, and mitigation.

Strengthen commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Enhance support for adaptation and resilience. Mobilize climate finance for developing countries.

Global Stocktake: Assesses progress towards the Paris Agreement goals.

Climate Finance: Encourages developed countries to meet and exceed the $100 billion annual climate finance goal.

Mitigation Efforts: Urges countries to revisit and strengthen their NDCs by 2022.

Achieved commitments from over 190 countries to enhance their climate action plans. Mobilized additional pledges to meet the $100 billion climate finance goal. Advanced global efforts to phase down coal and reduce methane emissions.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982)

UNCLOS is an international treaty that establishes a comprehensive legal framework for the use and conservation of the world's seas and oceans. It defines the rights and responsibilities of nations regarding their use of marine resources and provides guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources.

Define maritime zones and the rights of coastal and landlocked states. Promote the peaceful use of the seas and oceans. Protect the marine environment and manage marine natural resources sustainably.

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): Grants coastal states rights over marine resources within 200 nautical miles.

International Seabed Authority (ISA): Manages the mineral-related activities in the international seabed area.

Marine Environmental Protection: Sets regulations to prevent, reduce, and control marine pollution.

Established a legal framework governing maritime rights and responsibilities for over 160 countries. Facilitated the peaceful resolution of maritime disputes through the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS). Enhanced the protection and sustainable management of marine resources and environments.

Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) (1959)

The ATS is a series of international agreements that regulate the use of Antarctica, ensuring it is used for peaceful purposes and scientific research. It prohibits military activity, mineral mining, and nuclear testing while promoting international scientific cooperation and protecting the Antarctic environment.

Ensure Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes. Promote international scientific cooperation in Antarctica. Protect the Antarctic environment and conserve its living resources.

Protocol on Environmental Protection: Provides comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment.

Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR): Coordinates international scientific research in Antarctica.

Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR): Manages the conservation of marine life in the Southern Ocean.

Preserved Antarctica as a zone of peace and science, with 54 countries as parties. Established comprehensive environmental protection measures, including a ban on mineral resource activities. Facilitated extensive international scientific research and collaboration, contributing to significant advancements in understanding the Antarctic ecosystem.

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2001)

The Treaty aims to guarantee food security through the conservation, exchange, and sustainable use of the world’s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. It recognizes the significant contribution of farmers to the diversity of crops that feed the world and seeks to ensure that benefits derived from these resources are shared equitably.

Ensure the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources. Promote the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of these resources. Enhance food security and support sustainable agriculture.

Multilateral System (MLS): Facilitates access to plant genetic resources for research, breeding, and training.

Global Information System (GLIS): Enhances the exchange of information on plant genetic resources.

Benefit-sharing Fund: Supports projects that conserve and sustainably use plant genetic resources.

Facilitated access to over 2.3 million samples of plant genetic materials through the MLS. Supported over 80 benefit-sharing projects in developing countries, enhancing food security and agricultural sustainability. Strengthened international cooperation and information exchange on plant genetic resources.

Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians (Carpathian Convention) (2003)

The Carpathian Convention is a sub-regional treaty aimed at protecting and sustainably developing the Carpathian Mountain region, addressing issues such as biodiversity conservation, sustainable tourism, spatial planning, and cultural heritage preservation.

Protect and sustainably develop the Carpathian Mountain region. Conserve biodiversity and natural resources. Promote sustainable tourism, spatial planning, and cultural heritage preservation.

Carpathian Network of Protected Areas (CNPA): Promotes the conservation of protected areas in the Carpathians.

Sustainable Tourism Strategy: Develops guidelines for promoting sustainable tourism in the region.

Biodiversity Protocol: Enhances cooperation for the conservation of biodiversity in the Carpathians.

Established the Carpathian Network of Protected Areas, enhancing regional biodiversity conservation efforts. Developed and implemented a Sustainable Tourism Strategy, promoting eco-friendly tourism practices. Facilitated regional cooperation on environmental protection and sustainable development policies.

Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)

Also known as the Madrid Protocol, it designates Antarctica as a natural reserve devoted to peace and science. The Protocol sets comprehensive protection measures for the Antarctic environment, including a ban on mineral resource activities and the establishment of environmental impact assessment procedures.

Designate Antarctica as a natural reserve devoted to peace and science. Prohibit mineral resource activities in Antarctica. Establish comprehensive measures for environmental protection and impact assessment.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Requires assessment of potential environmental impacts of activities in Antarctica.

Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP): Advises on the implementation of the Protocol and environmental issues.

Waste Management: Sets guidelines for waste management and disposal in Antarctica.

Prohibited all mineral resource activities in Antarctica, preserving its pristine environment. Established stringent environmental protection measures, including mandatory EIAs for activities. Enhanced international cooperation on Antarctic environmental protection through the CEP.

UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) (1971)

The MAB Programme is an intergovernmental scientific program launched by UNESCO to establish a scientific basis for the improvement of relationships between people and their environments. It promotes interdisciplinary research, training, and communication to manage and conserve biosphere reserves.

Improve the relationship between people and their environments. Promote the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity. Support interdisciplinary research, education, and training.

World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR): Designates and manages biosphere reserves globally.

Biosphere Reserves for Sustainable Development: Promotes sustainable development practices in biosphere reserves.

Ecological and Societal Impacts of Climate Change: Conducts research on the impacts of climate change on ecosystems and communities.

Designated over 700 biosphere reserves in more than 130 countries. Promoted sustainable development practices, benefiting local communities and ecosystems. Enhanced global research and cooperation on biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA) (2006)

The ITTA is a legally binding agreement that aims to promote the sustainable management of tropical forests and the trade of sustainably produced tropical timber. It encourages sustainable forest management (SFM) practices and provides a framework for international cooperation and market transparency.

Promote sustainable management of tropical forests. Encourage the trade of sustainably produced tropical timber. Enhance international cooperation and market transparency.

Sustainable Forest Management (SFM): Supports projects and initiatives for sustainable forestry practices.

Market Information Service: Provides data on tropical timber production, trade, and markets.

Capacity Building: Offers training and technical assistance to improve forest management and governance.

Supported numerous projects promoting SFM, leading to improved forest management practices in tropical countries. Enhanced market transparency and information sharing, benefiting stakeholders in the tropical timber trade. Facilitated international cooperation on tropical forest conservation and sustainable timber trade.

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) (1980)

The CCAMLR is an international treaty aimed at conserving marine life in the Southern Ocean. It was established as part of the Antarctic Treaty System and focuses on preserving the ecological balance and preventing over-exploitation of marine resources.

Conserve marine living resources in the Southern Ocean. Prevent over-exploitation and ensure sustainable use of marine resources. Maintain the ecological balance of the Antarctic marine ecosystem.

Ecosystem-based Management: Implements conservation measures based on the ecosystem approach.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Establishes MPAs to protect critical habitats and biodiversity.

Compliance and Monitoring: Ensures adherence to conservation measures through monitoring and enforcement.

Established several MPAs, including the Ross Sea Region MPA, covering 1.55 million square kilometres. Successfully implemented ecosystem-based management practices, preserving the ecological balance. Enhanced international cooperation and compliance, leading to improved conservation outcomes for Antarctic marine life.

South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) (1982)

SPREP is an intergovernmental organization established to promote cooperation and support the protection and sustainable development of the environment in the Pacific region. It focuses on biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation, pollution control, and waste management.

Promote environmental cooperation in the Pacific region. Support biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation. Address pollution control and waste management.

Pacific Climate Change Centre (PCCC): Provides training, research, and knowledge sharing on climate change.

Pacific Islands Protected Area Portal (PIPAP): Supports the management and conservation of protected areas.

Cleaner Pacific 2025: A strategy for pollution control and waste management in the Pacific.

Enhanced regional cooperation on environmental issues through various initiatives and programs. Supported the establishment and management of numerous protected areas in the Pacific. Implemented the Cleaner Pacific 2025 strategy, leading to significant improvements in waste management and pollution control.

African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement (AEWA) (1995)

AEWA is an international treaty dedicated to the conservation of migratory waterbirds that migrate across Africa and Eurasia. It provides a legal framework for coordinating conservation efforts across the migratory range of these species.

Conserve migratory waterbirds and their habitats across Africa and Eurasia. Coordinate international efforts for the protection of migratory waterbirds. Promote sustainable use of waterbird populations.

International Single Species Action Plans (ISSAPs): Develops action plans for the conservation of specific waterbird species.

Conservation Guidelines: Provides best practices for the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats.

African Initiative: Focuses on capacity building and conservation efforts in Africa.

Developed and implemented numerous ISSAPs, leading to improved conservation status for several waterbird species. Enhanced international cooperation and coordination for migratory waterbird conservation. Promoted sustainable use and management practices for waterbird populations and their habitats.

Framework Convention on Climate Change of the South Pacific Region (SPREP Climate Convention) (1993)

Also known as the Noumea Convention, this regional framework aims to protect and manage the natural environment of the South Pacific region, focusing on climate change, pollution, and sustainable development.

Protect and manage the natural environment of the South Pacific region. Address climate change impacts and promote adaptation measures. Prevent and control pollution in the marine and coastal environment.

Regional Seas Programme: Promotes the protection of the marine and coastal environment.

Climate Change Adaptation Projects: Supports community-based adaptation initiatives.

Pollution Control Initiatives: Implements measures to reduce marine pollution from land-based activities.

Strengthened regional cooperation and policy development for environmental protection and climate change adaptation. Supported numerous community-based adaptation projects, enhancing resilience to climate change impacts. Implemented effective pollution control measures, improving the health of marine and coastal ecosystems.

Global Plan of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) (1995)

The GPA is an intergovernmental initiative aimed at preventing the degradation of the marine environment from land-based activities. It provides a framework for national and regional efforts to protect coastal and marine environments from pollution and other harmful activities.

Prevent marine pollution from land-based activities. Promote the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources. Facilitate international cooperation and capacity building.

Regional Seas Programme: Supports regional actions to protect marine environments.

National Action Plans (NAPs): Guides countries in implementing measures to reduce marine pollution.

Global Programme of Action Clearing-House: Provides information and resources for managing marine pollution.

Established Regional Seas Programmes in 18 regions, enhancing regional cooperation on marine protection. Supported the development and implementation of NAPs in numerous countries, reducing land-based marine pollution. Enhanced global awareness and capacity to address marine pollution through the GPA Clearing-House.

Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) (1979)

CLRTAP is an international treaty aimed at reducing and preventing air pollution that crosses national borders. It provides a framework for international cooperation and the development of protocols to control emissions of air pollutants.

Reduce and prevent transboundary air pollution. Promote international cooperation on air quality management. Develop and implement protocols for controlling air pollutants.

Gothenburg Protocol: Sets emission reduction targets for multiple air pollutants.

Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Aims to eliminate or restrict the release of POPs.

Protocol on Heavy Metals: Controls emissions of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury.

Achieved significant reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds across Europe and North America. Facilitated the development and adoption of eight protocols addressing various air pollutants. Enhanced international cooperation and capacity to monitor and manage transboundary air pollution.

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) (1973/78)

MARPOL is the main international convention aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships, both accidental and from routine operations. It covers pollution by oil, chemicals, harmful substances in packaged form, sewage, garbage, and air pollution from ships.

Prevent and minimize marine pollution from ships. Establish international standards for ship-generated pollution. Promote the adoption of effective measures for pollution control.

Annex I: Regulations for the prevention of pollution by oil.

Annex VI: Prevention of air pollution from ships.

Special Areas and Emission Control Areas (ECAs): Designated zones with stricter pollution controls.

Achieved global reductions in oil spills and other marine pollutants from ships. Implemented stringent controls on sulphur emissions from ships, reducing air pollution in designated ECAs. Enhanced international standards and compliance mechanisms for pollution prevention from maritime activities.

Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) (2006)

SAICM is a global policy framework to promote the safe management of chemicals throughout their lifecycle. It aims to ensure that, by 2020, chemicals are produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on human health and the environment.

Promote the safe management of chemicals throughout their lifecycle. Minimize adverse impacts of chemicals on human health and the environment. Enhance international cooperation and capacity building for chemical safety.

Global Plan of Action: Provides guidance on implementing sound chemicals management practices.

Quick Start Programme (QSP): Supports capacity-building projects for chemicals management in developing countries.

Emerging Policy Issues: Addresses new and evolving challenges in chemicals management.

Supported over 184 projects in 108 countries through the QSP, enhancing chemical safety capacity. Raised global awareness and action on emerging policy issues, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals and nanomaterials. Contributed to the adoption of sound chemicals management practices in many countries, reducing chemical risks.