The 6th century B.C. marks a transformative era in Indian culture, characterized by a significant shift from the orthodox Vedic tradition to a period of philosophical exploration and the emergence of new religious movements. This change was catalyzed by a growing dissatisfaction with the existing ritualistic practices and a deep contemplation over life's sorrows, leading to a quest for new paths to salvation.

Transition from Vedic Tradition

1.Decline of Vedic Authority: The period saw the Vedic tradition's influence wane as it became increasingly ritualistic and disconnected from the existential concerns of the populace.

2.Rise of Philosophical Speculation: The Upanishads, with their emphasis on introspection and the fundamental questions of existence, heralded an era of free thought, setting the stage for diverse philosophical inquiries.

Emergence of New Religious Sects

1.Ferment of Ideas: This era was marked by a remarkable proliferation of religious sects, with records indicating the existence of up to 62 different groups. These sects often drew upon local customs and beliefs, reflecting a vibrant diversity of thought.

2.Influence of Jainism and Buddhism: Among the multitude of sects, Jainism and Buddhism emerged as the most influential, profoundly shaping Indian society and culture.

Foundations in Asceticism