Introduction

The post-reforms period (post-1991) in India witnessed a shift in public expenditure priorities. Investments in social services—education, health, and welfare—aimed at fostering inclusive growth, though challenges remain.

Body

1.Pattern and Trend in Public Expenditure

i.Education: Expenditure increased from 3.8% of GDP (1991) to 4.5% (2022-23), with initiatives like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and NEP 2020 focusing on universal access.

ii.Health:

Health expenditure rose modestly, from 1.3% of GDP to 2.1% (2022-23) under programs like Ayushman Bharat.

However, out-of-pocket health expenses remain high, at 62.6%.