Introduction

The transition from the Rig Vedic to the Later Vedic period saw profound changes in social structures and economic practices, reflecting the rise of complex societal norms.

Body

1.Society

i.Shift in Social Structure: The flexible Varna system of the Rig Vedic period became rigid, with Brahmins and Kshatriyas consolidating power, while Shudras faced discrimination.

ii.Role of Women: Women’s status declined, with restrictions on their participation in assemblies and rituals. Practices like child marriage emerged during this period.

iii.Ritual Complexity: Religious practices evolved, with elaborate rituals like Rajasuya and Ashvamedha signifying socio-political dominance. Priests gained influence as custodians of rituals.

iv.Family Structure: Patriarchal joint families became the societal norm, emphasizing male dominance.