Introduction

Geography played a pivotal role in shaping the history, culture, and economy of ancient India. Its diverse terrains influenced settlements, trade, and socio-political structures.

Body

1.Rivers and Fertile Plains:

The Indus and Ganga river systems facilitated the growth of urban centres like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Pataliputra, and Varanasi, supporting agriculture and trade.

Fertile alluvial soil in regions like the Indus-Ganga plains led to surplus food production, enabling societal prosperity and cultural advancements. The Saraswati River, often referenced in the Rig Veda, influenced early Vedic settlements.

2.Himalayas and Natural Barriers:

The Himalayas protected the subcontinent from northern invasions while serving as a source of rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra.