Introduction

The Supreme Court of India has played a pivotal role in addressing environmental issues by interpreting constitutional provisions, especially Article 21 (Right to Life), to include the right to a clean and healthy environment.

Body

1.Environmental Protection as a Constitutional Mandate

i.Article 21: The Supreme Court has expanded its scope to include environmental protection. Example: Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar (1991) recognized the right to clean water and air as part of the right to life.

ii.Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties: Articles 48A and 51A(g) mandate environmental preservation, which the judiciary enforces effectively.

2.Landmark Case Laws

i.MC Mehta v. Union of India (1986): Established the "Polluter Pays Principle" and emphasized industrial accountability.